Homeostasis

The goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment

Surface anatomy:

exterior features

Regional anatomy:

body areas

Systemic anatomy:

organ systems

Clinical anatomy:

medical specialties

Developmental anatomy:

from conception to death

Cell physiology:

processes within and between cells

Organ physiology:

functions of specific organs

Systemic physiology:

functions of an organ system

Pathological physiology:

effects of diseases

Anatomical position:

hands at sides, palms forward

Supine:

lying down, face up

Prone:

lying down, face down

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Popliteal

back of knee

Otic

or ear

Cephalic

or head

Mental

or chin

Axillary

or armpit

Brachial

or arm

Antecubital

or front of elbow

Buccal

or cheek

Cervical

or neck

Antebrachial

or forearm

Pollex

or thumb

Patellar

or kneecap

Crural

or leg

Tarsal

or ankle

Hallux

or great toe

Pedal

or foot

Inguinal

or groin

Femoral

or thigh

Acromial

or shoulder

Olecranal

or back of elbow

Lumbar

or loin

Popliteal

or back of knee

Sural

or calf

Calcaneal

or heal of foot

Plantar

or sole of foot

Abdominopelvic regions.

A _______________, section separates anterior and posterior portions of the body.

frontal, or coronal

____________ usually refers to sections passing through the skull.

Coronal

Frontal or coronal plane

Midsagittal plane

A _______________ separates right and left portions.

sagittal section

A ___________________
misses the midline. It
separates the body into
unequal right and left sides.

parasagittal section

Transverse plane

A _____________________ section separates superior and inferior

portions of the body.

transverse, or cross,

Essential Functions of ________________:

1. Protect organs from accidental shocks
2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

Body Cavities

Toward the midline

Medial

_____________________: lines the internal body wall

Parietal peritoneum

_____________________: covers the organs

Visceral peritoneum

The _____________ receives the stimulus

Receptor

The _____________ processes the signal and sends instructions

Control Center

The _____________ carries out instructions

Effector

____________ Is the study of tissues and their structures.

Histology

Humans have ____ organ systems.

11

Skin, hair, sweat glands, & nails belong to the ________________ organ system.

Integumentary

Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, and provides sensory information are functions to _________________ organ systems.

Integumentary

Bone, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow belong to the _____________ organ system.

Skeletal

Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells are functions to the _________________ organ system.

Skeletal

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons belong to the _______________ organ system.

Muscular

Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature are functions to the ___________________ organ system.

Muscular

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs belong to the _______________ organ system.

Nervous

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions are functions of the __________________.

Nervous system

Pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads belong to the _______________ system.

Endocrine

Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development are functions of the ____________________.

Endocrine system

Heart, blood, and blood vessels belong to the _____________________ system.

Cardiovascular

Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials; Didtributes heat and assists in control of body temperature are functions of the ___________________ .

Cardiovascular system

Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils are apart of the __________________ system.

Lymphatic

Defends against infection and disease, and Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream are functions to the _______________.

Lymphatic system

Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, and Alveoli belong to the ___________________ system.

Respiratory

Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), Provides oxygen to bloodstream, Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, Produces sounds for communication are functions of the ________________________.

Respiratory System

Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas are part of the _________________ system

Digestive

Processes and digests food, Absorbs and conserves water, Absorbs nutrients, and Stores energy reserves are functions of the ______________________.

Digestive system

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra belong to the _________________ system.

Urinary

Excretes waste products from the blood, Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, and Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH are functions of the _________________.

Urinary system

_____________ is the automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

_______ is the responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Extrinsic regulation

Below; at a lower level; toward the feet

Inferior

Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

Superior

What is 1?

Right hypochondriac region

What is 2?

Right lumbar region

What is 3?

Right inguinal region

What is 4?

Epigastric region

What is 5?

Umbilical region

What is 6?

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Frontal

or forehead

The ________________ moves the body away from homeostasis and is used to speed up the processes.

Positive Feedback

Below=

Inferior

Below=

Caudal

Front view or ________________.

Ventral

Superficial is....

anything close to the skin

Deep or _______________.

Visceral

Bilateral means _______________________.

Both sides of the body

Dorsal

or back

Gluteal

or buttock

Ipsilateral

two on the same side

The right arm and the right leg are ______________________.

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

on the opposite side

If you have a clot in the right side of the brain the left side will be paralyzed. This is an example of ___________________.

Contralateral

Fingers are _____________ to the wrist.

Distal

The shoulder is ________________ to the wrist.

Proximal

The Scapula is located ______________ to the rib cage.

Posterior

The umbilicus is on the ____________ surface of the trunk.

Anterior

_______________ is used to visualize internal organization and structure.

Sectional Anatomy

Thoracic, mammary, abdominal, and umbilical are all apart of the ______________.

Trunk

The _____________ is in the Left Hypochondriac region

Speen

The ______________ & ______________ are in the Epigastric region

Liver, stomach

The ______________ is in the Hypogastric region.

Urinary Bladder

Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom) is divided by the diaphragm into the ______________ & _______________

Thoracic cavity & Abdominopelvic cavity

______________________ line body cavities and cover organs

Serous Membranes

Right and left ____________________ contain right and left lungs.

pleural cavities

Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus in the Thoracic Cavity is the __________________.

Mediastinum

The ____________ is located within the pericardial cavity.

heart

The muscular diaphragm subdivides the body cavities into a superior ________________ and an inferior _______________________.

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

Peritoneal cavity is within the _________________ cavity

abdominopelvic

Parietal peritoneum (lines the internal body wall) and Visceral peritoneum (covers the organs) in the ______________________.

Peritoneal cavity

_________________ space contain organs that are not completely covered by cavity.

Retroperitoneal

Kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, pancreas, duodenum (2nd part), aorta, Inferior vena cava, ascending and descending colon, lower part of the rectum are ______________________.

Retroperitoneal organs

The _______________ is the superior portion from diaphragm to top of pelvic bones and contains digestive organs.

Abdominal cavity

The _______________ is the inferior portion within pelvic bones and contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

Pelvic cavity

The internal organs that are enclosed by cavities are known as _____________.

Viscera

A large tissue mass:

mediastinum

A delicate ____________ membrane lines the walls of these internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera.

serous

The portion of a serous membrane that directly covers a visceral organ is called the ________________.

visceral serosa

The opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber is called the _______________.

parietal serosa

The ___________ and ______________ membranes are one membrane

Parietal, Visceral

The Parietal serosa folds back onto itself, forming the _________________.

visceral serosa

Because the moist parietal and visceral sersae are usually in close contact, the body cavities are called _________________.

potentail spaces

The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity is called a __________.

pleura

The ______________ covers the outer surface of the lung, and the ________________ covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall.

visceral pleura, parietal pleura

The _____________ would enclose the heart organ.

Pericardial Cavity

The _____________ would enclose the small and large intestine

peritoneal cavity

The _______________ would enclose the lungs.

pleural cavity

The ____________ would enclose the kidneys.

abdominal (or abdominopelvic) cavity

The mediastinum is the region between the ___________.

two pleural cavities

The two major cavities of the trunk are the _______________ and ___________________.

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Which sectional plane could divide the body so that the face remains intact?

Frontal (coronal) plane

______________ Is the study of body structures

Anatomy

The _____________________:

• Atoms are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules are a group of atoms working together

Chemical (or Molecular) Level

The __________________:

• Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

Cellular Level

A ____________ is a group of similar cells working together

tissue

An ___________ is a group of different tissues working together

organ

An ________________ is a group of organs working together

organ system