Which of the following positions is most likely to place the right kidney parallel to the IR?

LPO

Which of the following statements is (are) correct, with respect to a left lateral projection of the chest?

1. The MSP must be perfectly vertical and parallel to the IR.
2. The right posterior ribs will be projected slightly posterior to the left posterior ribs.
3. Arms must be raised high to prevent upper-arm soft-tissue superimposition on lung field.

1, 2, and 3

The PA chest radiograph shown in the figure below demonstrates
1. rotation
2. scapula superimposed on lung fields
3. adequate inspiration

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the figure below?

1. The image was made in the LAO position.
2. The CR should enter more inferiorly.
3. The sternum is projected onto the left side of the thorax.

2 and 3 only

Which of the following anatomic structures is best demonstrated in the LPO position, in a positive-contrast exam?

Hepatic flexure

Involuntary motion can be caused by
1. peristalsis.

2. severe pain.

3. heart muscle contraction.

1, 2, and 3

All the following statements regarding large bowel radiography are true except

single-contrast studies help to demonstrate intraluminal lesions.

Which of the following procedures will best demonstrate the cephalic, basilic, and subclavian veins?

Upper-limb venogram

Which of the following positions will demonstrate the right axillary ribs?
1. RAO 2. LAO 3. RPO

2 and 3 only

During chest radiography, the act of inspiration
1. elevates the diaphragm
2. raises the ribs
3. depresses the abdominal viscera

2 and 3 only

Which of the following is (are) part of the bony thorax?

1. Manubrium
2. Clavicles
3. 24 ribs

1 and 3 only

Operative cholangiography may be performed to
1. visualize biliary stones or a neoplasm.

2. determine function of the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

3. examine the patency of the biliary tract.

1, 2, and 3

Free air in the abdominal cavity is best demonstrated in which of the following positions?

AP projection, left lateral decubitus position

Which of the following radiologic examinations can demonstrate ureteral reflux?

Voiding cystourethrogram

What instructions might a patient be given following an upper GI examination?
1. Drink plenty of fluids.

2. Take a mild laxative.

3. Increase dietary fiber.

1, 2, and 3

Widening of the intercostal spaces is characteristic of which of the following conditions?

Emphysema

Which of the following statements referring to the images below is (are) correct?

1. Image A was performed AP.
2. Image B was performed AP.
3. The AP image was obtained using ureteral compression.

2 only

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) usually involves

1. cannulation of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
2. introduction of contrast medium into the common bile duct
3. introduction of barium directly into the duodenum

1 and 2 only

The thoracic cavity is lined by

parietal pleura.

During IV urography, the prone position generally is recommended to demonstrate

1. the filling of the ureters
2. the renal pelvis
3. the superior calyces

1 and 2 only

All the following positions are likely to be employed for both single- and double-contrast examinations of the large bowel except

right and left lateral decubitus abdomen.

Which of the following positions can be used to demonstrate the axillary ribs of the right thorax?
1. RAO
2. LAO
3. RPO

2 and 3 only

All of the following statements regarding the RAO position of the sternum are true, except

a thin thorax requires a lesser degree of obliquity than a thicker thorax.

What is the position of the stomach in a hypersthenic patient?

High and horizontal

Which of the following examinations require(s) restriction of a patient's diet?

1. Barium enema
2. Pyelogram
3. Metastatic survey

1 and 2 only

Free air in the abdominal cavity is demonstrated in which of the following?
1. Lateral recumbent abdomen

2. Erect AP abdomen

3. Left lateral decubitus abdomen

2 and 3 only

The pyloric canal and duodenal bulb are best demonstrated during an upper GI series in which of the following positions?

RAO

The ridge that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi is the

Carina

Following the ingestion of a fatty meal, what hormone is secreted by the duodenal mucosa to stimulate contraction of the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin

Which of the following structures will usually contain air, in the PA recumbent position on a sthenic patient, during a double-contrast upper GI (UGI) examination?

Gastric fundus

Inspiration and expiration projections of the chest are performed to demonstrate

1. partial or complete collapse of pulmonary lobe(s)
2. air in the pleural cavity
3. foreign body

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following examinations most likely would be performed to diagnose Wilm's tumor?

IVU

Which of the following structures will be filled with barium in the AP recumbent position of a sthenic patient during an upper GI examination?

Gastric fundus

When the erect position is requested as part of an IVU, it is used to demonstrate

kidney mobility.

The condition in which pulmonary alveoli lose their elasticity and become permanently inflated, causing the patient to consciously exhale, is

emphysema

A patient suffering from orthopnea would experience the least discomfort in which body position?

Erect

To demonstrate the pulmonary apices with the patient in the AP position, the

central ray is directed 15° to 20° cephalad.

The sternoclavicular joints will be best demonstrated in which of the following positions?

Anterior oblique

Which of the following positions will move the fundus of the gallbladder shown in Figure 7–6 away from the superimposed transverse process?

LAO

Which of the following is represented by the number 3 in the figure below?

Aorta

Which of the following will be demonstrated best in the 45-degree right anterior oblique (RAO) position?

Left axillary ribs

A lesion with a stalk projecting from the intestinal mucosa into the lumen is a(n)

polyp

An aspirated foreign body is more likely to enter the lower respiratory tract via the

right main stem bronchus.

Which of the following positions is most likely to offer the best visualization of the pulmonary apices?

AP axial lordotic

The stomach of an asthenic patient is most likely to be located

low, vertical, and toward the midline.

Which of the following positions will most effectively move the gallbladder away from the vertebrae in an asthenic patient?

LAO

An esophagram would most likely be requested for patients with which of the following esophageal disorders/symptoms?
1. Varices
2. Achalasia
3. Dysphasia

1 and 2 only

The figure below demonstrates which of the following conditions?

dextrocardia

For the average patient, the CR for a lateral projection of a barium-filled stomach should enter

midway between the midcoronal line and the anterior abdominal surface

Which type of articulation is evaluated in arthrography?

Diarthrodial

Which of the following equipment is mandatory for performance of a myelogram?

Tilting x-ray table

Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of air in the peritoneal cavity?

Lateral decubitus, affected side up

To obtain an exact axial projection of the clavicle, place the patient

in a lordotic position and direct the central ray at right angles to the coronal plane of the clavicle.

The structure indicated by the number 5 in Figure 6–11 is the

ileum.

Deoxygenated blood from the head and thorax is returned to the heart by the

superior vena cava

Below-diaphragm ribs are better demonstrated when

the patient is in the recumbent position.

In which of the following conditions is a double-contrast BE essential for demonstration of the condition?

1. Polyps
2. Colitis
3. Diverticulosis

1 and 2 only

A patient is usually required to drink barium sulfate suspension to demonstrate which of the following structures?
1. Esophagus

2. Pylorus

3. Ilium

1 and 2 only

Which of the following are mediastinal structures?

1. Heart
2. Trachea
3. Esophagus

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following radiologic procedures requires that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis via a catheter placed within the ureter?

Retrograde urography

The structure labeled number 2 in Figure 6–3, image B is the

gallbladder

Which of the following conditions would require an increase in exposure factors?
1. Congestive heart failure

2. Pleural effusion

3. Emphysema

1 and 2 only

Which of the radiographs shown in Figure 4–5 most likely required the greater exposure?

Image B

All the following statements regarding the position shown in Figure 2–17 are true except

the CR is directed vertically to the level of T7.

Which of the following structures is (are) located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
1. Spleen
2. Gallbladder
3. Hepatic flexure

2 and 3 only

What is the name of the plane indicated by the number 1 in Figure 6–17?

Midcoronal plane

The PA chest image shown in Figure 4–13 exhibits which of the following qualities?

1. Adequate penetration of the heart
2. Long-scale contrast
3. Adequate inspiration

1, 2, and 3

The figure below illustrates a sectional image of the abdomen. Which of the following is represented by the number 13?

Portal vein

Dorsal decubitus projections of the chest are used to evaluate small amounts of

1. fluid in the posterior chest
2. air in the posterior chest
3. fluid in the anterior chest

1 only

Which of the following radiologic examinations requires preparation consisting of a low-residue diet, cathartics, and enemas?

Barium enema (BE)

Which of the following techniques would provide a posteroanterior (PA) projection of the gastroduodenal surfaces of a barium-filled high and transverse stomach?

Angle the CR 35 to 45 degrees cephalad.

Which of the following equipment is necessary for ERCP?

1. A fluoroscopic unit with imaging device and tilt-table capabilities
2. A fiberoptic endoscope
3. Polyethylene catheters

1, 2, and 3

Which projection(s) of the abdomen would be used to demonstrate pneumoperitoneum?
1. Right lateral decubitus

2. Left lateral decubitus

3. Upright

2 and 3 only

Which of the following structures is (are) located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?

1. Hepatic flexure
2. Gallbladder
3. Ileocecal valve

1 and 2 only

Moderate hypertension can produce damage to which of the following organs?

1. Lungs

2. Kidneys

3. Brain

1, 2, and 3

In what order should the following examinations be scheduled?

1. Upper GI
2. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
3. Barium enema (BE)

2, 3, 1

Which of the following is the preferred scheduling sequence?

Abdomen ultrasound, lower GI series, upper GI series

During studies of the soft tissue of the neck, the exposure can be made
1. during phonation before/after opacification.

2. during Valsalva maneuver.

3. at the height of swallowing motion with opacification. A 1 only

1, 2, and 3

The body habitus characterized by a long and narrow thoracic cavity and low midline stomach and gallbladder is the

asthenic

Which of the following is (are) evaluation criteria for a PA chest radiograph of the heart and lungs?

1. Ten posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm.
2. The medial ends of the clavicles should be equidistant from the vertebral column.
3. The scapulae should be seen through the upper lung fields.

1 and 2 only

In a posteroanterior (PA) projection of the chest being used for cardiac evaluation, the heart measures 14.7 cm between its widest points. If the magnification factor is known to be 1.2, what is the actual diameter of the heart?

12.25 cm

The structure labeled number 6 in Figure 2–39 is the

brachiocephalic artery

Which of the following statements with respect to the PA chest seen in Figure 2–11 is (are) correct?

1. Adequate inspiration is demonstrated.
2. The shoulders are rolled forward adequately.
3. Rotation is demonstrated.

1, 2, and 3

Double-contrast examinations of the stomach or large bowel are performed to better visualize the

gastric or bowel mucosa

To radiograph an infant for suspected free air within the abdominal cavity, which of the following projections of the abdomen will demonstrate the condition with the least patient exposure?

Left lateral decubitus without grid

In myelography, the contrast medium generally is injected into the

subarachnoid space between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae

Which of the following pathologic conditions probably will require a decrease in exposure factors?

Osteoporosis

The AP axial projection of the pulmonary apices requires the CR to be directed

15 degrees cephalad

Which of the following is the most likely site for a lumbar puncture?

L3–4

With the patient recumbent on the x-ray table with the head lower than the feet, the patient is said to be in the

Trendelenburg position

Fluoroscopic imaging of the ileocecal valve is generally part of a(n)

small-bowel series.

What is the position of the gallbladder in an asthenic patient?

Inferior and medial

The usual patient preparation for an upper GI examination is

nothing by mouth (NPO) 8 hours before the examination.

The act of expiration will cause the

1. diaphragm to move inferiorly
2. sternum and ribs to move inferiorly
3. diaphragm to move superiorly

2 and 3 only

Routine excretory urography usually includes a postmicturition radiograph of the bladder. This is done to demonstrate
1. tumor masses.
2. residual urine.
3. prostatic enlargement.

1, 2, and 3

During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) examination, contrast medium is injected into the

common bile duct

Moderate hypertension can produce damage to which of the following organ(s)

1. Lungs

2. Kidneys

3. Brain

1 2 and 3

How should a chest examination to rule out air–fluid levels be obtained on a patient having traumatic injuries?

Include a lateral chest examination performed in dorsal decubitus position.

A flat and upright abdomen is requested on an acutely ill patient, to demonstrate the presence of air-fluid levels. Because of the patient's condition, the x-ray table can be tilted upright only 70° (rather than the desired 90°). How should the central ray be directed?

Parallel to the floor

What are the positions most commonly employed for a radiographic examination of the sternum?
1. Lateral

2. RAO

3. LAO

1 and 2 only

Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of air in the pleural cavity?

Lateral decubitus, affected side up

An increase in exposure factors usually is required in which of the following circumstances?

1. Edema
2. Ascites
3. Acromegaly

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the CR image artifact seen in the erect PA projection of the chest shown in Figure 4–31? The object is located within the IP.

The object is located within the IP.

Which of the following is a radiologic procedure that functions to dilate a stenotic vessel?

Percutaneous angioplasty

Place the following anatomic structures in order from anterior to posterior:

1.
Trachea
2.
Apex of heart
3.
Esophagus

Apex of heart, trachea, esophagus

The following instructions should be given to a patient following a barium sulfate contrast examination:
1. Increase fluid and fiber intake for several days.
2. Changes in stool color will occur until all barium has been evacuated.
3. Contact a physician if no bowel movement occurs in 24 hours.

1, 2, and 3

During an upper gastrointestinal (GI) examination, the AP recumbent projection of a stomach of average shape will usually demonstrate
1. anterior and posterior aspects of the stomach.

2. barium-filled fundus.

3. double-contrast body and antral portions.

2 and 3 only

What is the structure indicated by the number 8 in Figure 2–18?

Common bile duct

Which of the following positions may be used to effectively demonstrate the right posterior axillary ribs?

RPO

In which of the following procedures is quiet, shallow breathing recommended during the exposure to obliterate prominent pulmonary vascular markings?

1. RAO sternum
2. Lateral thoracic spine
3. AP scapula

1, 2, and 3

The structure indicated as number 4 in Figure 2–9 is the

cecum

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the path of blood flow as it leaves the left ventricle?

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Which of the following statements regarding the image in Figure 2–4 is correct?

The left kidney is more parallel to the IR.

All the following statements regarding respiratory structures are true except

the inferior portion of the lung is the apex.

During GI radiography, the position of the stomach may vary depending on

1. the respiratory phase
2. body habitus
3. patient position

1, 2, and 3

During an upper gastrointestinal (GI) examination, a stomach of average shape demonstrates a barium-filled fundus and double contrast of the pylorus and duodenal bulb. The position used is most likely

LPO

Differences between body habitus types are likely to affect all the following except

the degree of bone porosity.

Which of the following groups of organs/structures are located in the left upper quadrant?

Left kidney, left suprarenal gland, and gastric fundus

Another name for Hirschsprung's disease, the most common cause of lower GI obstruction in neonates, is

congenital megacolon.

The patient's chin should be elevated during chest radiography to

avoid superimposition on the apices

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the position illustrated in Figure 2–19?

1. The left (elevated) ureter is parallel to the IR.
2. The left (elevated) kidney is parallel to the IR.
3. The degree of obliquity should be about 30 degrees.

2 and 3 only

In which of the following positions was the radiograph in Figure 2–9 taken?

RPO

All the following procedures demonstrate renal function except

retrograde urography

Which of the following are characteristics of the hypersthenic body type?

1. Short, wide, transverse heart
2. High and peripheral large bowel
3. Diaphragm positioned low

1 and 2 only

The image shown in Figure 7–4 was made in the following recumbent position

LPO

Abdominal viscera located in the retroperitoneum include the

1. kidneys.
2. duodenum.
3. ascending and descending colon.

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following conditions require(s) a decrease in technical factors?

1. Emphysema
2. Osteomalacia
3. Atelectasis

1 and 2 only

The PA chest analog image shown in the figure below demonstrates

1. excessive receptor exposure
2. insufficient kilovoltage
3. underpenetration

2 and 3 only

Which of the following radiographic examinations require(s) the patient to be NPO 8–10 hours prior to examination for proper patient preparation?

1. Abdominal survey
2. Upper GI series
3. BE

2 and 3 only

The patient usually is required to drink barium sulfate suspension in order to demonstrate which of the following structures?

1. Descending duodenum
2. Ilium
3. Splenic flexure

1 only

Demonstration of which anatomic structures require(s) ingestion of barium sulfate suspension?

1. Duodenum
2. Pylorus
3. Ilium

1 and 2 only

Types of inflammatory bowel disease include

1. ulcerative colitis.
2. Crohn's disease.
3. intussusception.

1 and 2 only

All the following positions are used frequently to demonstrate the sternoclavicular articulations except

weight-bearing

Which of the following will best demonstrate the size and shape of the liver and kidneys?

AP abdomen

Which of the following pathologic conditions would require an increase in exposure factors?

Ascites

The pain experienced by an individual whose coronary arteries are not conveying sufficient blood to the heart is called

angina pectoris.

Particulate matter entering the respiratory bronchi can cause

pneumoconiosis.

Abnormal accumulation of air in pulmonary tissues, resulting in overdistention of the alveolar spaces, is

emphysema

Which of the following procedures requires that the patient be placed in the lithotomy position?

Hysterosalpingography

Which of the following positions can be used to effectively demonstrate the left colic flexure during radiographic examination of the large bowel?

1. RAO
2. LAO
3. RPO

2 and 3 only

Which cholangiographic procedure uses an indwelling drainage tube for contrast medium administration?

T-tube cholangiography

When a GI series has been requested on a patient with a suspected perforated ulcer, the type of contrast medium that should be used is

water-soluble iodinated media.

The esophagus commences at about the level of

C6

Which of the following positions may be used to effectively demonstrate the hepatic flexure during radiographic examination of the large bowel?
1. RAO

2. LAO

3. LPO

1 and 3 only

A patient in a recumbent position with the head lower than the feet is said to be in which of the following positions?

Trendelenburg

Which of the following criteria are used to evaluate a PA projection of the chest?
1. Ten posterior ribs should be visualized.

2. Sternoclavicular joints should be symmetrical.

3. The scapulae should be lateral to the lung fields.

1, 2, and 3

In which of the following examinations is exposure on full expiration required?

Below diaphragm ribs

The number 1 in the radiograph in Figure A represents which of the following renal structures?

Renal pelvis

In which of the following positions was the radiograph in Figure A taken?

LPO

An acute infection of the lungs is called

Pneumonia

Compared with that of the hypersthenic and sthenic body types, the gallbladder of an asthenic patient is most likely to be located

lower and more medial

Correct preparation for a patient scheduled for a lower GI series is most likely to be

cathartics and cleansing enemas.

Gas-producing powder or crystals usually are ingested for which of the following examinations?

Double-contrast gastrointestinal (GI) series

Esophageal varices are best demonstrated in which of the following positions?

Recumbent

A near-frontal (AP/PA) view of the sternum is best accomplished in which of the following positions?

RAO

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the radiograph shown in Figure 6–16?
1. The part is rotated.
2. The patient is not shielded correctly.
3. There is excessive receptor exposure.

2 only

During an air-contrast BE, in what part of the colon is air most likely to be visualized with the body in the AP recumbent position?

Transverse colon

The condition that allows blood to shunt between the right and left ventricles is called

ventricular septal defect.

To demonstrate esophageal varices, the patient must be examined in

the recumbent position

To best visualize the lower ribs, the exposure should be made

on expiration

The AP axial projection of the chest for pulmonary apices

1. requires 15 to 20 degrees of cephalad angulation
2. projects the apices above the clavicles
3. should demonstrate the medial ends of the clavicles equidistant from the vertebral column

1 and 3 only

Which of the following projections of the abdomen may be used to demonstrate air or fluid levels?
1. Dorsal decubitus

2. Lateral decubitus

3. AP Trendelenburg

1 and 2 only

The plane that passes vertically through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior halves, is termed the

midcoronal plane

Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of fluid in the pleural cavity?

Lateral decubitus, affected side down

Which of the following statements is (are) true with regard to the two CT images seen below?

1. Image A illustrates more superior structures.
2. The images are sagittal reconstructions.
3. The exam was performed without artificial contrast.

1 only

The sternal angle is at approximately the same level as the

T5

The uppermost portion of the iliac crest is at approximately the same level as the

fourth lumbar vertebra

Which of the following examinations might require the use of 120 kVp?
1. AP abdomen

2. Chest radiograph

3. Barium-filled stomach

2 and 3 only

During an intravenous urogram (IVU), the RPO position is used to demonstrate the

1. left kidney parallel to the IR
2. right kidney parallel to the IR
3. right kidney perpendicular to the IR

1 and 3 only

Double-contrast examinations of the stomach or large bowel are performed to better visualize the

gastric or bowel mucosa.

What is the structure indicated by the number 7 in Figure 2–18?

Cystic duct

The manubrial notch is at approximately the same level as the

T2–3 interspace.

The act of inspiration will cause elevation of the
1. sternum.
2. ribs.
3. diaphragm.

1 and 2 only

Using the PA projection, which of the following tube angle and direction combinations is correct for an axial projection of the clavicle?

15 to 30 degrees caudad

The structure indicated by the number 2 in Figure 6–11 is the

descending colon.

The AP Trendelenburg position is often used during an upper GI examination to demonstrate

hiatal hernia

The radiograph pictured in Figure A may be used to evaluate

1. polypoid lesions.

2. the lateral wall of the descending colon.

3. the posterior wall of the rectum.

1 and 2 only

Which of the anatomic structures listed below is seen most anteriorly in a lateral projection of the chest?

Cardiac apex

Blood is returned to the left atrium, from the lungs, via the

pulmonary veins.

High-kilovoltage exposure factors are usually required for radiographic examinations using
1. water-soluble, iodinated media.

2. a negative contrast agent.

3. barium sulfate.

3 only

Which of the following is a vessel that does not carry oxygenated blood?

Pulmonary artery

Which of the following positions is obtained with the patient lying supine on the radiographic table with the CR directed horizontally to the iliac crest?

Dorsal decubitus position

All of the following statements regarding respiratory structures are true except

the right lung has two lobes.

The ileocecal valve normally is located in which of the following body regions?

Right iliac

Which of the following statements is (are) correct with respect to postoperative cholangiography?

1. A T-tube is in place in the common bile duct.
2. Water-soluble contrast material is injected.
3. The patency of biliary ducts is evaluated.

1, 2, and 3

The position illustrated in the figure below can be used successfully to demonstrate the

1. PA oblique sternum
2. barium-filled pylorus and duodenum
3. left anterior axillary ribs

1, 2, and 3

The position illustrated in the radiograph in Figure 2–28 may be obtained with the patient

1. supine and the CR angled 30 degrees caudad.
2. supine and the CR angled 30 degrees cephalad.
3. prone and the CR angled 30 degrees caudad.

2 and 3 only

Ingestion of barium sulfate is contraindicated in which of the following situations?

1. Suspected perforation of a hollow viscus
2. Suspected large bowel obstruction
3. Preoperative patients

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Figure A?

1. The radiograph was made in the LAO position.

2. The central ray should enter more inferiorly.

3. The sternum is projected onto the left side of the thorax.

2 and 3 only