front 1 Where do sperm aquire their motility ? | back 1 Epididymis |
front 2 This gland is located just inferior to urinary bladder? | back 2 Prostate gland |
front 3 The ureter is anchored to the anterior body wall by? | back 3 The round ligament |
front 4 Which does not contribute fluid to semen? | back 4 Epididymis |
front 5 Which contains the urethra? | back 5 corpus spongiosum |
front 6 Spermatogenesis requires which hormones? | back 6 LH FSH Testosterone |
front 7 In which sinus is milk stored? | back 7 Lactiferous Sinuses |
front 8 Follicle cells are part of? | back 8 Primordial Follicles |
front 9 What is the posterior portion of the uterus called? | back 9 Fundus |
front 10 What has fimbrea? | back 10 Uterin tubes |
front 11 Where is sperm stored? | back 11 Epididymis synthesized in testes |
front 12 The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter. T/F | back 12 F |
front 13 Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption. T/F | back 13 T |
front 14 The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. T/F | back 14 T |
front 15 The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron. T/F | back 15 T |
front 16 Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems. T/F | back 16 F |
front 17 The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding. T/F | back 17 T |
front 18 Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process. T/F | back 18 F |
front 19 In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water. T/F | back 19 T |
front 20 The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH. T/F | back 20 F |
front 21 The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle. T/F | back 21 T |
front 22 Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress. T/F | back 22 F |
front 23 Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. T/F | back 23 T |
front 24 Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water. T/F | back 24 F |
front 25 The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. T/F | back 25 F |
front 26 Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop. T/F | back 26 F |
front 27 Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition. T/F | back 27 T |
front 28 The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch. T/F | back 28 F |
front 29 An excessive urine output is called anuria. T/F | back 29 F |
front 30 Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH. T/F | back 30 T |
front 31 The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder. T/F | back 31 F |
front 32 Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption. T/F | back 32 T |
front 33 The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate. T/F | back 33 F |
front 34 Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer. T/F | back 34 T |
front 35 Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient. T/F | back 35 T |
front 36 Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis. T/F | back 36 F |
front 37 Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood. T/F | back 37 F |
front 38 Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? | back 38 A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT. |
front 39 What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? | back 39 They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed. |
front 40 The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________. | back 40 aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule |
front 41 The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life. | back 41 Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane. |
front 42 The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? | back 42 damage to the filtration membrane |
front 43 Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries. | back 43 The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole. |
front 44 Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration. | back 44 increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration |
front 45 If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? | back 45 Systemic blood pressure will go up. |
front 46 If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? | back 46 Systemic blood pressure will decrease. |
front 47 If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? | back 47 Systemic blood pressure will decrease. |
front 48 If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? | back 48 Systemic blood pressure will go up. |
front 49 If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur? | back 49 Systemic blood pressure will be lowered. |
front 50 If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur? | back 50 Kidney perfusion will increase |
front 51 Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney? | back 51 Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR. |
front 52 Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT? | back 52 loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells |
front 53 Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries. | back 53 leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium |
front 54 The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. | back 54 nephron loop |
front 55 Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? | back 55 a vasa recta |
front 56 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. | back 56 increase in the production of ADH |
front 57 The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. | back 57 transitional |
front 58 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. | back 58 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 59 Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? | back 59 eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat |
front 60 The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. | back 60 arcuate |
front 61 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. | back 61 is drained by an efferent arteriole |
front 62 The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. | back 62 contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla |
front 63 Select the correct statement about the ureters. | back 63 The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. |
front 64 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. | back 64 stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
front 65 The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. | back 65 Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
front 66 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. | back 66 nephron |
front 67 Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex? | back 67 Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. |
front 68 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. | back 68 glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) |
front 69 Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? | back 69 the stretching of the bladder wall |
front 70 The filtration membrane includes all except ________. | back 70 renal fascia |
front 71 The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. | back 71 osmosis |
front 72 Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. | back 72 hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments |
front 73 The macula densa cells respond to ________. | back 73 changes in Na+ content of the filtrate |
front 74 Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? | back 74 creatinine |
front 75 The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. | back 75 plasma protein |
front 76 Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. | back 76 inhibits the release of ADH |
front 77 The function of angiotensin II is to ________. | back 77 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 78 An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. | back 78 slightly higher than water |
front 79 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct | back 79 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 |
front 80 Select the correct statement about the nephrons. | back 80 The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. |
front 81 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | back 81 Net filtration would decrease. |
front 82 Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? | back 82 podocyte cells |
front 83 Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? | back 83 It is a purely passive transport process. |
front 84 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. | back 84 secondary active transport |
front 85 Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? | back 85 form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine |
front 86 Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus? | back 86 pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
front 87 Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? | back 87 Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. |
front 88 The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. | back 88 glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 89 If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. | back 89 appear in the urine |
front 90 If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? | back 90 Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. |
front 91 Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. | back 91 impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
front 92 Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? | back 92 by secreting sodium ions |
front 93 In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. | back 93 thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption |
front 94 Select the correct statement about urinary system development. | back 94 Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. |
front 95 What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | back 95 help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys |
front 96 Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? | back 96 macula densa |
front 97 Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? | back 97 ADH |
front 98 Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? | back 98 electrolyte levels |
front 99 Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? | back 99 angiotensin II and aldosterone |
front 100 Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs. T/F | back 100 F |
front 101 Sexually transmitted infections are the most important cause of reproductive disorders. T/F | back 101 T |
front 102 The testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body. T/F | back 102 F |
front 103 The smaller cell produced by oogenesis meiosis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material. T/F | back 103 T |
front 104 A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. T/F | back 104 F |
front 105 The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix. T/F | back 105 T |
front 106 The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen. T/F | back 106 F |
front 107 Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle. T/F | back 107 F |
front 108 The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only. T/F | back 108 F |
front 109 Female orgasm is required for conception. T/F | back 109 F |
front 110 The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts. T/F | back 110 T |
front 111 The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone. T/F | back 111 F |
front 112 The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase. | back 112 F |
front 113 The testes are innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS only. T/F | back 113 F |
front 114 The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium. T/F | back 114 T |
front 115 A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster T/F | back 115 T |
front 116 The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. T/F | back 116 T |
front 117 The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle. T/F | back 117 T |
front 118 The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin. T/F | back 118 F |
front 119 Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis. T/F | back 119 F |
front 120 Sperm from the male parent determines the sex of the child. T/F | back 120 T |
front 121 Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production. T/F | back 121 F |
front 122 All of the following things occur during meiosis I with the exception of one thing. Select the statement below that does not occur during meiosis I. | back 122 The sister chromatids are separated from each other. |
front 123 Which of the following statements is true of metaphase I of meiosis I? | back 123 Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells. |
front 124 Select the statement below that is false. | back 124 Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body's cells. |
front 125 Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment. | back 125 It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I. |
front 126 Select the statement which is false. | back 126 Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis. |
front 127 All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids. | back 127 Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid. |
front 128 During spermiogenesis ________. | back 128 the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization |
front 129 All but one of the events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the event that does not occur during spermiogenesis. | back 129 Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization. |
front 130 All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is false. | back 130 The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis. |
front 131 All but one of the following statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function. | back 131 The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization. |
front 132 The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because. | back 132 The hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation. |
front 133 All but one of the following statements describes the necessity of the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that does not describe a necessity of the blood testis barrier. | back 133 Sperm can only be produced at temperatures lower than body temperature. Inflammation in the testis could raise the temperature too high to produce sperm. |
front 134 The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play? | back 134 They regulate the temperature of the testes. |
front 135 The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________. | back 135 peristaltic contractions |
front 136 The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________. | back 136 failure of the testis to make their normal decent |
front 137 Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen? | back 137 the seminal vesicles |
front 138 Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins? | back 138 GnRH |
front 139 The genetic determinate for male reproductive development is ________. | back 139 the SRY gene |
front 140 The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. | back 140 fallopian tubes |
front 141 If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain? | back 141 Twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur. |
front 142 Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________. | back 142 they have the same number of chromosomes |
front 143 The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________. | back 143 meiosis |
front 144 Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. | back 144 fallopian tubes |
front 145 Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? | back 145 labia majora |
front 146 In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. | back 146 genetically identical |
front 147 How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth? | back 147 They move away from the pelvic cavity. |
front 148 Effects of estrogen include ________. | back 148 growth of the breasts at puberty |
front 149 Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. | back 149 preparation of the mammary glands for lactation |
front 150 The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________. | back 150 interstitial endocrine cells |
front 151 Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes? | back 151 Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced. |
front 152 Erection of the penis results from ________. | back 152 a parasympathetic reflex |
front 153 Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? | back 153 corpus luteum |
front 154 Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina? | back 154 serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte |
front 155 Select the correct statement about male sexual response. | back 155 Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood. |
front 156 Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone? | back 156 stimulates mammary gland development |
front 157 Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH? | back 157 inhibin |
front 158 During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________. | back 158 progesterone levels are at their highest |
front 159 Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. | back 159 If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo. |
front 160 Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis? | back 160 thalamus |
front 161 Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? | back 161 The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system. |
front 162 Normally menstruation occurs when ________. | back 162 blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease |
front 163 The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________. | back 163 in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell |
front 164 Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise? | back 164 The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies. |
front 165 Which of the following will occur after ovulation? | back 165 The endometrium enters its secretory phase. |
front 166 Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? | back 166 The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes. |
front 167 Spermatogenesis ________. | back 167 involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes |
front 168 Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur? | back 168 LH |
front 169 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________. | back 169 involves FSH and LH release |
front 170 Select the correct statement about testosterone control. | back 170 GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary. |
front 171 Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? | back 171 The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary |
front 172 Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. | back 172 High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. |
front 173 Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false? | back 173 Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated. |
front 174 Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true? | back 174 Each spermatid forms two sperm. |
front 175 A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________. | back 175 be unable to produce viable sperm |
front 176 Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true? | back 176 Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin. |
front 177 A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________. | back 177 decreased testosterone secretion |
front 178 All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________. | back 178 FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium |
front 179 Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? | back 179 regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion |
front 180 The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? | back 180 corpus spongiosum |
front 181 Prostate cancer is ________. | back 181 sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient |
front 182 What is the purpose of the uterus? | back 182 Receive, retain, and nourish developing embryo |
front 183 What does the Corpus Luteum do? | back 183 Secretes progesterone and some estrogen |
front 184 When is the menstral phase? | back 184 Day 1-5 (low estrogen and progesterone in this phase) *on day 5 growing follicles produce more estrogen |
front 185 When is the proliferative (pre-ovulatory) phase? | back 185 Day 6-14 endometrium rebuilds itself during this time on day 14 ovulation happens in response to sudden increase of LH |
front 186 When is the secretory (post-ovulatory) phase? | back 186 Days 15-28 endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant. Increased progesterone from the corpus luteum |
front 187 What do Myoid cells do? | back 187 Contract to push sperm out |
front 188 What do interstitial cells (Leydig Cells) produce? | back 188 Androgens |
front 189 When does crossover happen? | back 189 In prophase I |
front 190 Where does cell division take place? | back 190 Telephase 1 |
front 191 What forms the blood testis barrier? | back 191 Sertoli cells (sustentacular cell) |
front 192 What secretes 60% of of the volume of semen? | back 192 Seminal Vessicles |
front 193 What produces thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation and lubricates the urethra? | back 193 Cowpers gladn (bulbo-urethral gland) |
front 194 Nephrons are found mostly in? | back 194 Cortex |
front 195 What is the functional unit of the kidney? | back 195 Nephron |
front 196 What makes up the three layers of the filtration membrane? | back 196 Capillary endothelium Basement membrane Foot processes of podocytes |
front 197 99% of reabsorption takes place where? | back 197 Proximal convoluted tubules |
front 198 What are the only functions of the juxtamedullary nephrons? | back 198 Concentrate urine (water gets reabsorbed) |