front 1 ________ happens in the cytoplasm, whereas ________ happens in the mitochondrion. | back 1 Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle |
front 2 What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called? | back 2 Gluconeogenesis |
front 3 ________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas ________ is a long-term regulator. | back 3 Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin |
front 4 Which of the following are macronutrients? | back 4 Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water |
front 5 Which of the following constitutes the so-called "bad cholesterol?" | back 5 Low-density lipoproteins |
front 6 Which of the following is the healthiest ratio of triglycerides? | back 6 High HDL: low LDL |
front 7 The inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein ________, which harnesses the energy created by H+ flow to produce ATP by a process called ________. | back 7 ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism |
front 8 Where are most carbohydrates in the body found? | back 8 Muscle glycogen |
front 9 what process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell? | back 9 The citric acid cycle |
front 10 Which vitamin deficiency is the most common worldwide? | back 10 Vitamin A |
front 11 Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except ________. | back 11 amino acids |
front 12 Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body? | back 12 Serving as cofactors for enzymes |
front 13 Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule? | back 13 Glycogen |
front 14 Which of the following is a product of glycolysis? | back 14 Pyruvate |
front 15 Which of the following represents the overall reaction for aerobic respiration? | back 15 C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O |
front 16 Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? | back 16 Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
front 17 In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? | back 17 Tissue (interstitial) fluid |
front 18 Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? | back 18 Cells are hyperpolarized. |
front 19 Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? | back 19 A drop in blood osmolarity |
front 20 Water output is largely controlled by varying ________. | back 20 urine volume |
front 21 Most body water intake is from ________, whereas most body water lost is via ________. | back 21 drinking; urine |
front 22 What is the function of aldosterone? | back 22 It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. |
front 23 What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? | back 23 The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment |
front 24 Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? | back 24 the resting membrane potential is more negative. |
front 25 which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system | back 25 CO2 + H2O HCO3 - + H+ H2CO3 |
front 26 Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? | back 26 Distal convoluted tubule |
front 27 What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? | back 27 It promotes water conservation. |
front 28 What is the principal cation of the ECF? | back 28 Na+ |
front 29 A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one. | back 29 False |
front 30 Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called ________. | back 30 osmoreceptors |
front 31 ________ is a hormone, whereas ________ is an enzyme. | back 31 Secretin; pepsin |
front 32 Pepsinogen is produced by ________ and is activated by ________, which is secreted by ________. | back 32 chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells |
front 33 Which of the following is the accessory organ of digestion responsible for producing bile? | back 33 Liver |
front 34 The ________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the ________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland. | back 34 submandibular; lingual |
front 35 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by ________ cells. | back 35 parietal |
front 36 An example of chemical digestion is the break down of ________ into ________. | back 36 nucleic acids; nucleotides |
front 37 Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed? | back 37 Proteins |
front 38 The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the ________. | back 38 muscularis externa |
front 39 Which of the following is not normally found in saliva? | back 39 Protease |
front 40 The oral phase of swallowing is under ________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is ________. | back 40 central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes |
front 41 The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the ________. | back 41 serosa (mesentery) |
front 42 The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called ________. | back 42 absorption |
front 43 Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface? | back 43 Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
front 44 The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called ________. | back 44 mesenteries |
front 45 Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion? | back 45 Pancreas |
front 46 All of the following except _____ contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine. | back 46 circular folds |
front 47 . The release of bile into the duodenum is controlled by | back 47 hepatopancreatic sphincter |
front 48 The partially digested fluid that passes from the stomach into the small intestine is | back 48 Chyme |
front 49 Each hepatic lobule consists of plates of epithelial cells radially arranged around a blood vessel called the _____. | back 49 central vein |
front 50 Liver cells which among other things produce bile are called | back 50 hepatocytes |
front 51 Which of the following statements about the duodenum is NOT true? | back 51 It is longer than the jejunum. |
front 52 What is the correct order in which air flows through the respiratory tract? | back 52 pharynx; larynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles |
front 53 The air passages beneath the conchae that create turbulence within the nasal cavity are | back 53 meatuses. |
front 54 . The lower respiratory tract begins at | back 54 the glottis. |
front 55 Pulmonary surfactant is produced by | back 55 type II alveolar cells. |
front 56 What happens when the diaphragm contracts? | back 56 The size of the thoracic cavity increases and air flows into the lungs. |
front 57 What structure corresponds to the "Adam's apple"? | back 57 thyroid cartilage |
front 58 which passageway may conduct either air or food or liquid in normal circumstances? | back 58 laryngopharynx |
front 59 starting in the abdominal cavity and progressing dorsally, you would have to cut through the ____, in this order, to expose the kidney. | back 59 peritoneum, renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, and fibrous capsule |
front 60 The sphincter that is found between the small intestine and large intestine is called | back 60 the ileocecal sphincter |
front 61 The parietal cell of the stomach secretes: | back 61 HCl |
front 62 Emphysema can lead to which of the following? | back 62 Respiratory acidosis |
front 63 Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. | back 63 False |
front 64 Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors. | back 64 True |
front 65 Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion | back 65 true |
front 66 Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention. | back 66 True |
front 67 Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. | back 67 True |
front 68 Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7. | back 68 False |
front 69 What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? | back 69 The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein |
front 70 Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? | back 70 ADH release is inhibited. |
front 71 Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion? | back 71 High blood sodium concentration |
front 72 Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? | back 72 An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF |
front 73 Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration. | back 73 True |
front 74 The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which ___________. | back 74 expels CO2 produced by the buffer system |
front 75 Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? | back 75 It is a significant component of nucleic acids. |
front 76 Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________. | back 76 respiratory acidosis |
front 77 What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? | back 77 Cl- |
front 78 What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? | back 78 K+ |
front 79 An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? | back 79 Metabolic alkalosis |
front 80 What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? | back 80 7.35-7.45 |
front 81 Hypernatremia is a plasma __________ concentration above normal. | back 81 Na+ |
front 82 A hemorrhage results in which of the following? | back 82 A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity |
front 83 How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? | back 83 By horomones |
front 84 A hemorrhage results in which of the following? | back 84 A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity |
front 85 Defecation is stimulated by | back 85 stretching of the rectum. |
front 86 Bacterial flora carry out all of the following except | back 86 digest most of the proteins we get in the diet |
front 87 The three most abundant classes of nutrients are | back 87 fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
front 88 Proteins are digested by different enzymes acting in the following sequence | back 88 pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase. |
front 89 Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming | back 89 emulsification droplets. |
front 90 Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the _____ and fatty acids are absorbed in the ______? | back 90 small intestine, small intestine too |
front 91 ____________ break(s) down _______________. | back 91 Peptidases; proteins |
front 92 Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____, whereas protein digestion begins in the | back 92 mouth; stomach |
front 93 The _____ of the small intestine is/are similar to the ______ of the stomach. | back 93 intestinal crypts, gastric pits |
front 94 The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except | back 94 rugae |
front 95 Which of these is the site of contact digestion? | back 95 brush border of the small intestine |
front 96 Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH? | back 96 pepsin |
front 97 Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine? | back 97 triglyceride |
front 98 Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone | back 98 cholecystokinin (CCK) |
front 99 The ____ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing _____ | back 99 liver, cholesterol |
front 100 Of the following components of bile, only _____ has/have a digestive function. | back 100 bile salts |
front 101 _____, which is secreted by ______ cells, is necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption. | back 101 Intrinsic factor, parietal |
front 102 _____ is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions? | back 102 the gastric phase |
front 103 The organ that stores excess glucose and releases it later into the blood is | back 103 the liver. |
front 104 The ___________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow, and its neurons are found in the ____________. | back 104 nonkeratinized; lingual papillae |
front 105 Infants have _____ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have _______ permanent teeth. | back 105 20;32 |
front 106 Both pacreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum | back 106 True |
front 107 Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid. | back 107 False |
front 108 Where would you measure the shell temperature of a patient? | back 108 Their skin |
front 109 Which of the following is true regarding body temperature? | back 109 Adult oral temperature is typically 36.6° to 37.0°C. |
front 110 Which of the following is the primary source of body heat? | back 110 Nutrient oxidation |
front 111 How is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) different from the total metabolic rate (TMR)? | back 111 The TMR includes the BMR. |
front 112 Three hours after your lunch and you are absorbing nutrients, which digestive phase are you in? | back 112 Absorptive state |
front 113 Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients? | back 113 Nucleic acids |
front 114 Which of the following results in heat exhaustion? | back 114 Extreme electrolyte loss via sweat |
front 115 Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what? | back 115 ATP hydrolysis |
front 116 What is the quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss? | back 116 Cutaneous vasodilation |
front 117 Which of the following enhances loss of body heat by conduction? | back 117 Convection |
front 118 During periods of fasting, why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect? | back 118 The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first |
front 119 Approximately what percentage of the energy in a glucose molecule winds up in ATP with the rest lost as body heat? | back 119 40 |
front 120 Glycogenesis is stimulated by __________, whereas glycogenolysis is stimulated by __________. | back 120 insulin; glucagon and epinephrine |
front 121 Fats should account for about __________ percent of the daily caloric intake | back 121 30 |
front 122 When should the basal metabolic rate be measured? | back 122 When a person first rises in the morning |
front 123 Which of the following does not raise the total metabolic rate? | back 123 Starvation |
front 124 Which of the following is secreted during the postabsorptive state? | back 124 Growth hormone |
front 125 Which of the following occurs during the absorptive state? | back 125 Gluconeogenesis is suppressed |
front 126 The liver performs all of the following functions except __________. | back 126 producing insulin and glucagon |
front 127 .The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to __________ them. | back 127 deaminate |
front 128 Which metabolic process produces ammonia? | back 128 Deamination of glutamic acid |
front 129 Which of the following is not a function of the liver? | back 129 Secretion of digestive enzymes |
front 130 Where does the highest rate of tissue protein turnover occur? | back 130 The intestinal mucosa |
front 131 ncomplete fatty acid oxidation produces __________, which might lead to __________. | back 131 ketone bodies; acidosis |
front 132 Fatty acids are catabolized through which process? | back 132 Beta oxidation |
front 133 Most of the fat in the body is stored in what form? | back 133 Triglycerides |
front 134 Minerals are __________, whereas vitamins are __________. | back 134 inorganic elements; organic compounds |
front 135 High-quality __________ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids | back 135 complete |
front 136 __ transport lipids to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells, which process them into ____ | back 136 micelles; fat globules |
front 137 the muscle tone of the ____ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called _____ | back 137 taeniae coli; haustra |
front 138 bacteria constitute about ______% of the dry weight of the feces | back 138 30 |
front 139 Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________. | back 139 the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
front 140 The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum. | back 140 pyloric sphincter |
front 141 Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine | back 141 Triglycerides |
front 142 Mouth secreted-enzyme that increases in activity upon entering the HCI of the stomach. | back 142 Lingual Lipase |