front 1 Where does the process of segmentation occur? anus | back 1 small intestine |
front 2 Which major process involves the removal of water from intestinal contents? ingestion | back 2 absorption |
front 3 How would you classify chewing food? digestion | back 3 mechanical breakdown |
front 4 Which of the following functions is NOT correctly matched with its description? ingestion: intake of food nutrients | back 4 propulsion: physical breakdown of ingested food in the GI tract |
front 5 Which of the following is NOT a means of mechanically breaking down food? mastication | back 5 peristalsis |
front 6 Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion? -Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed with
in the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the
GI tract. | back 6 -Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed with in the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract. |
front 7 Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients? the esophagus | back 7 the esophagus |
front 8 Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption? the esophagus | back 8 the stomach |
front 9 The chemical processes of food breakdown are called ________. ingestion | back 9 digestion |
front 10 Peristaltic waves are ________. -pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract | back 10 -waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another |
front 11 The lamina propria is composed of ________. dense regular connective tissue | back 11 loose connective tissue |
front 12 Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. mastication | back 12 catabolism |
front 13 When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. absorption | back 13 digestion |
front 14 The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen | back 14 in the walls of tract organs |
front 15 Gastric accommodation is an example of smooth muscle plasticity. true OR false | back 15 true |
front 16 All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion and mechanical breakdown from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels. true OR false | back 16 true |
front 17 Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ? liver | back 17 small intestine |
front 18 The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis. true OR false | back 18 true |
front 19 Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium? mucosa | back 19 mucosa |
front 20 Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis? submucosa | back 20 muscularis externa |
front 21 Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity? submucosa | back 21 submucosa |
front 22 The _____ is the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs. omenta | back 22 visceral peritoneum |
front 23 The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system. peritoneal | back 23 hepatic portal |
front 24 In a patient suffering from untreated infection-induced peritonitis, an infection in the visceral peritoneum immediately ______. spreads directly to the parietal peritoneum | back 24 spreads directly to the parietal peritoneum |
front 25 The outermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________. muscularis | back 25 serosa |
front 26 Peritoneal organs are completely covered in a serous membrane and have a dorsal and ventral mesentery. true OR false | back 26 false |
front 27 Select the description below that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle. -Sphincters are found in the proximal portion of the GI tract
while circular muscle is found in the distal
portions. | back 27 A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material. |
front 28 The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. -distribute hormones throughout the body | back 28 collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver |
front 29 The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. mucosal lining | back 29 mesenteries |
front 30 Which of the following does NOT describe a basic regulator of digestive control? -Digestive effectors are smooth muscle and glands. | back 30 -conscious neural control |
front 31 In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ________. -long reflexive pathways last much longer than short reflexive
pathways | back 31 long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract |
front 32 Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. the rubrospinal tracts | back 32 the vagus nerve and entire plexus |
front 33 From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. -submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa | back 33 mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
front 34 The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. serosa | back 34 lamina propria |
front 35 Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? superior mesenteric artery | back 35 inferior vena cava |
front 36 Which layer of the digestive tract controls digestive propulsion? serosa | back 36 muscularis externa |
front 37 The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body. true OR false | back 37 true |
front 38 How are wisdom teeth (third molars) classified? as permanent teeth | back 38 permanent teeth |
front 39 How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed? 8 | back 39 32 |
front 40 Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva? -Saliva moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus.
| back 40 Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins. |
front 41 Which of the following inhibits salivation? ingestion of spicy foods | back 41 being stressed OR frightened |
front 42 Where do the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands empty into the oral cavity? the vestibule near the upper molars | back 42 the base of the lingual frenulum |
front 43 What muscle forms the labia of the mouth and controls most lip movement, including puckering? zygomaticus | back 43 orbicularis oris |
front 44 The palatine tonsils are located between which two structures? the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch | back 44 the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch |
front 45 The uvula is an extension of the __________. oral vestibule | back 45 soft palate |
front 46 The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? incisor tooth | back 46 canine tooth |
front 47 Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? -The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of
primary teeth. | back 47 There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. |
front 48 Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. -There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children
have all 20. | back 48 There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. |
front 49 What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing? crown | back 49 enamel |
front 50 The deciduous dentition consists of __________ teeth. 10 | back 50 20 |
front 51 Dentin anchors the tooth in place. true OR false | back 51 False |
front 52 The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile. true OR false | back 52 true |
front 53 Which layer of the stomach contains the gastric pits that secrete mucous, acid, and digestive enzymes? submucosa | back 53 mucosa |
front 54 Which area of the stomach adjoins the small intestine? pylorus | back 54 pylorus |
front 55 Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells. true OR false | back 55 false |
front 56 In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum. reflux | back 56 intestinal |
front 57 In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ______. enteroendocrine cells | back 57 mucous cells |
front 58 Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following? mucous neck cells | back 58 parietal cells |
front 59 Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________. increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile | back 59 increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile |
front 60 The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme. esophagus | back 60 stomach |
front 61 Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. goblet cells of the small intestine | back 61 chief cells of the stomach |
front 62 Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? enteroendocrine cells | back 62 parietal cells |
front 63 Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. gastrin | back 63 secretin |
front 64 What role of the stomach is essential to life? production of VIP | back 64 production of intrinsic factor |
front 65 Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl. true OR false | back 65 True |
front 66 The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme. true OR false | back 66 True |
front 67 Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals. true OR false | back 67 True |
front 68 Which of the following constitute a portal triad? the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins | back 68 a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole |
front 69 What is a major function of pancreatic juice? emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces
| back 69 neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach |
front 70 Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin? enteropeptidase | back 70 enteropeptidase |
front 71 Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract? hepatic portal vein | back 71 hepatic portal vein |
front 72 Bile is produced by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________. pancreas; secretin | back 72 liver; secretin |
front 73 Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms. -The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from
the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI
tract. | back 73 The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract. |
front 74 Hepatocytes do not ________. process nutrients | back 74 produce digestive enzymes |
front 75 Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? proteins | back 75 lipids |
front 76 Which of the following is NOT a secretion of the pancreas? bile | back 76 bile |
front 77 The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. pancreatic acini | back 77 hepatopancreatic ampulla |
front 78 Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. Bile functions to emulsify fats. | back 78 bile contains enzymes for digestion |
front 79 A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________. eating foods that are low in fat | back 79 eat foods low in fat |
front 80 What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen? circular folds | back 80 circular folds |
front 81 Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus? Paneth cells | back 81 goblet cells |
front 82 Which of these best describes a lacteal? -a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
| back 82 a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood |
front 83 The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine. jejunum | back 83 duodenum |
front 84 Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________. duodenum | back 84 jejunum |
front 85 A patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. The nurse tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. The patient's wife asks why the tube will not be inserted into the stomach. What should the nurse say? -Insertion of a tube into the stomach will likely cause gastric
ulcers. | back 85 There is less risk for vomiting, which could cause complications. Digestion is also completed in the small intestines, so there is no need for the stomach with a liquid food diet. |
front 86 Cirrhosis can cause ______. hepatitis | back 86 a bleeding disorder |
front 87 ___________ Increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice. | back 87 Cholecystokinin |
front 88 ____________ Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions. | back 88 Secretin |
front 89 ___________ Increases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle. | back 89 Gastrin |
front 90 ___________________ Stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCl production. | back 90 Gastric Inhibitory Peptide |
front 91 Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine? -The digestive systems first and foremost job is to digest and
absorb nutrients so it puts off immunity for last. | back 91 The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream. |
front 92 The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? the vast array of digestive enzymes | back 92 villi, and microvilli |
front 93 The function of the goblet cells is to ________. -produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the
effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion | back 93 produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion |
front 94 Paneth cells ________. secrete hormones | back 94 secrete enzymes that kill bacteria |
front 95 The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver. true OR false | back 95 true |
front 96 The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine. true OR false | back 96 true |
front 97 Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine. true OR false | back 97 True |
front 98 Which other organ can affect small-intestine motility? mouth | back 98 stomach |
front 99 Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day? Valsalva's maneuver | back 99 mass movement |
front 100 As wastes navigate the large intestine, which features do they pass through, in order? the cecum, left colic, and right colic flexures | back 100 the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures |
front 101 Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine? primary digestion of food | back 101 water absorption and feces elimination |
front 102 Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine? absorption of electrolytes | back 102 producing intrinsic factor |
front 103 __________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine. Constipation | back 103 Constipation |
front 104 An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______. common hepatic duct | back 104 common hepatic duct |
front 105 The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______. atrophy of the muscularis externa | back 105 weakening the colons submucosa |
front 106 A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________. -loss of the appendix's function will cause an immune deficiency in
the digestive system | back 106 -it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity |
front 107 Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? synthesize vitamins C and D | back 107 fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates |
front 108 Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. does not contain villi | back 108 is longer than the small intestine |
front 109 Carbohydrates are digested into __________. glycerol | back 109 monosaccharides |
front 110 One of the direct consequences of lactose intolerance is ______. increased intestinal absorption of this disaccharide | back 110 increased osmotic pressure of the large intestine contents |
front 111 Which of the following are NOT correctly matched? protease: lipid digestion | back 111 protease: lipid digestion |
front 112 Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ________. -occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the
hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane | back 112 occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane |
front 113 You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? cholecystokinin | back 113 amylase |
front 114 How are fats absorbed into the lymph? in the form of fatty acids and glycerol | back 114 in the form of chylomicrons |
front 115 Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of a high concentrations of protein fragments? lipase | back 115 trypsin |
front 116 Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. -If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. | back 116 iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum |
front 117 During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? gastric phase | back 117 intestinal phase |
front 118 Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which
fibers? | back 118 sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
front 119 Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters? norepinephrine | back 119 VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) |
front 120 Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder? CCK (cholecystokinin) | back 120 CCK cholecytokinin |
front 121 Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions? secretin | back 121 secretin |
front 122 Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which
of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation? | back 122 fear |
front 123 HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What
cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen? | back 123 chief |
front 124 In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid
digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these
secretions? | back 124 acinar cells |
front 125 An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would
stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of
HCl? | back 125 secretin |
front 126 The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the
following? | back 126 bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus |