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Chapter 32 Test Prep
front 1 1) A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C)β-catenin genes D) genes involved in eye-lens synthesis | back 1 Answer: B |
front 2 2) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) the structural carbohydrate, chitin B) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement C) heterotrophy D) flagellated gametes | back 2 Answer: B |
front 3 3) The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult,
whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from
adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which
of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these
variations in metamorphosis? | back 3 Answer: B |
front 4  4) As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane
crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that
the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student
of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab
Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select
three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found
in the figure above. Which organism would you classify as an
animal? | back 4 Answer: C |
front 5 5) Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes
animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals
derive their nutrition by _____. | back 5 Answer: B |
front 6 Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 6) Which of the following Tp traits is different from all other
known animals? | back 6 Answer: B |
front 7 7) What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in
common? | back 7 Answer: D |
front 8 8) In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that
carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at
the time of metamorphosis. A consequence of this occurrence is that
_____. | back 8 Answer: A |
front 9 9) Which of the following would you classify as something other than
an animal? | back 9 Answer: D |
front 10 10) The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates
go into the millions and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is
a result of the evolution of novel ways to _____. | back 10 Answer: C |
front 11 11) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a
_____. | back 11 Answer: D |
front 12 12) Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most
surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? | back 12 Answer: B |
front 13 13) Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the
Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey
relationships? The fossil record reveals an increased incidence of
_____. | back 13 Answer: D |
front 14 14) Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in
accounting for the Cambrian explosion? | back 14 Answer: C |
front 15 15) Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime
example of _____. | back 15 Answer: C |
front 16 16) Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before
vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that _____. | back 16 Answer: D |
front 17 17) Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its
germ layer tissue? | back 17 Answer: A |
front 18 18) While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot
the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you
use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a
deuterostome? See whether the embryo _____. | back 18 Answer: B |
front 19 19) In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic
development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a
protostome and not a deuterostome? | back 19 Answer: D |
front 20 20) Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within-a-tube
body plan in most animal phyla? | back 20 Answer: C |
front 21 21) If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw
within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that
developed from endoderm? | back 21 Answer: A |
front 22 22) Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most
variation? | back 22 Answer: B |
front 23 23) What do all deuterostomes have in common? | back 23 Answer: D |
front 24 24) Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye
into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be
able to flow directly into the _____. | back 24 Answer: C |
front 25 25) You have before you a living organism, which you examine
carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the
organism is acoelomate? | back 25 Answer: D |
front 26 Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 26) On the basis of information in the paragraph above, which of
these should be able to be observed in Tp? | back 26 Answer: C |
front 27 A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. 27) This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) _____. | back 27 Answer: B |
front 28 A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. 28) If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture
them individually, then what is most likely to happen? | back 28 Answer: B |
front 29 The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 29) Which of these features is LEAST useful in assigning the phylum
Cycliophora to a clade of animals? | back 29 Answer: A |
front 30  Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure above). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. 30) We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined
with tissue that is derived from _____. | back 30 Answer: B |
front 31 31) What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A
coelom _____. | back 31 Answer: A |
front 32 32) The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in
evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa
and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest? | back 32 Answer: C |
front 33 33) Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians, including Nematostella, are diploblastic. 4. β-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs. 5. All cnidarians are acoelomate. A) 1 and 4 | back 33 Answer: A |
front 34 34) An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also
_____. | back 34 Answer: A |
front 35 35) Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a
chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's
endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism
by which this pesticide works? | back 35 Answer: B |
front 36 Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 36) Tp's body symmetry seems to be most like that of _____. | back 36 Answer: A |
front 37 The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 37) Cycliophorans have two types of larvae. One type of larva is
produced when the digestive system of a female is impregnated by a
male. The digestive system then collapses and develops into a larva,
which swims away in search of a new host after the surrounding female
dies. Which is the embryonic tissue that is apparently most important
in forming this type of larva? | back 37 Answer: D |
front 38 Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal surface and contain nematocysts at their tips. 38) If nudibranch rhinophores are located at the anterior ends of
these sea slugs, then they contribute to the sea slugs' _____. | back 38 Answer: C |
front 39 39) Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in
what sequence, from earliest to most recent? A) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3 B) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 C) 2 → 3 → 1 → 4 D) 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 | back 39 Answer: B |
front 40 40) What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians A) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 B) 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 C) 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1 D) 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4 | back 40 Answer: A |
front 41 41) The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having _____. A) radial or bilateral symmetry | back 41 Answer: C |
front 42 42) You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of
the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm
as a nematode and not an annelid? | back 42 Answer: D |
front 43 The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 43) Using similarities in embryonic development, body symmetry, and
other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves
_____. | back 43 Answer: D |
front 44 44) The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does
this suggest? | back 44 Answer: D |
front 45  45) In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is
depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as
having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the
protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is
depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this
change? | back 45 Answer: B |
front 46 46) The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following. From earliest to most recent, in what sequence did these events evolve? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryo A) 4 → 1 → 3 → 2 B) 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 C) 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 D) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 | back 46 Answer: C |
front 47 47) The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes. Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella (of β-catenin fame), which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that _____. A) the Radiata should be a true clade | back 47 Answer: B |
front 48 48) Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes,
but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would _____. | back 48 Answer: B |
front 49 The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 49) Which of these, if discovered among cycliophorans, would cause
the most confusion concerning our current understanding of
cycliophoran taxonomy? | back 49 Answer: B |
front 50 50) The feeding stage of cycliophorans _____. | back 50 Answer: D |
front 51 51) Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals,
according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the
figure above? | back 51 Answer: C |
front 52 52) Why might researchers choose to use molecular data (such as
ribosomal RNA sequences) rather than morphological data to study the
evolutionary history of animals? | back 52 Answer: B |
front 53 53) If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal
origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary
evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil
record? | back 53 Answer: B |
front 54 The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are coelomates, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 54) Basing your inferences on information in the paragraph above, to
which clade(s) should cycliophorans belong? | back 54 Answer: B |
front 55  55) What conclusion is apparent from the data in the table
above? | back 55 Answer: C |
front 56 56) All things being equal, which of these is the most parsimonious
explanation for the change in the number of Hox genes from the last
common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to ancestral vertebrates,
as shown in the table above? | back 56 Answer: C |
front 57 57) Two competing hypotheses to account for the increase in the
number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of bilaterians to
the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates are: (1) a single
duplication of the entire four-gene cluster, followed by the loss of
one gene, and (2) three independent duplications of individual Hox
genes. To prefer the first hypothesis on the basis of parsimony
requires the assumption that _____. | back 57 Answer: A |
front 58  58) In the experiment outlined in the figure above, what would you
expect to happen if researchers supplied an enzyme that blocked the
expression of the Dll gene? | back 58 Answer: C |
front 59 59) Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly.
Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in
developing appendages in animals from many other phyla, supporting the
hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However,
suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the
results shown in the figure above. These results suggest instead that
_____. | back 59 Answer: B |
front 60 60) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is
(are) true? | back 60 Answer: B |