front 1 Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate? a) Rising sea levels favored individuals that were able to survive ever-drier conditions. b) The high light levels of terrestrial systems favored individuals that contained flexible photosynthetic enzyme systems. c) The transition to land occurred within a few generations. d) The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions. | back 1 d |
front 2 Apical meristems ________. a) occur only in roots of plants b) occur in both roots and shoots of plants c) allow plants to move from one place to another d) occur only in shoots of plants | back 2 b |
front 3 Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate? a) Stomata are not important in algae because they do not need CO2. b) Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant. c) Stomata, when closed, allow CO2 to diffuse into plants. d) Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. | back 3 b |
front 4 The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________. a) absorb nutrients from the soil and form a symbiosis with fungi b) transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller c) transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues and use them to protect developing embryos d) release toxins into the soil that reduced competition with other plants by poisoning nearby plants | back 4 b |
front 5 In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. a) mitosis ... meiosis b) binary fission ... mitosis c) meiosis ... meiosis d) mitosis ... mitosis e) meiosis ... mitosis | back 5 d |
front 6 Where do fern antheridia develop? a) on the tip of the sporophyte b) on the underside of the sporophyte c) on the tip of the gametophyte d) on the underside of the gametophyte e) on the tip of the haploid protonema | back 6 d |
front 7 The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. a) diploid sorus b) diploid sporophyte c) haploid sporophyte d) diploid gametophyte e) haploid gametophyte | back 7 b |
front 8 What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? See Concept 29.3 (Page 626) View Available Hint(s) a) the waxy cuticle b) lignified vascular tissue c) leaves d) rhizoids e) sporophylls | back 8 b |
front 9 The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following to occur? a) increased height, improved competition for water, and increased spore dispersal distances b) increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances c) decreased height, improved competition for water, and decreased spore dispersal distances d) decreased height, improved competition for light, and decreased spore dispersal distances | back 9 b |
front 10 In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? a) diploid spores b) haploid sporophytes c) haploid spores d) diploid gametes e) haploid gametes | back 10 c |
front 11 Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? a) sexual reproduction b) cellulose in cell walls c) chlorophyll b d) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis e) alternation of multicellular generations | back 11 e |
front 12 Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae? a) Plants and green algae are photosynthetic. b) Plants and green algae have chloroplasts. c) The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b. | back 12 c |
front 13 Select the correct statement about plant life cycles. a) Meiosis in plant life cycles is a sexual process, producing gametes. b) Over evolutionary time, the sporophyte has replaced the gametophyte in plant life cycles. c) At some point in the life cycle of all plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent. | back 13 c |
front 14 Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. a) Sporophytes are vascular, whereas gametophytes are nonvascular. b) Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. c) Sporophytes are larger than gametophytes. | back 14 b |
front 15 What is the process by which a trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor? a) descent with modification b) analogy c) convergent evolution d) homology | back 15 a |
front 16 In plants, the ________ produces haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by mitosis, whereas the ________ produces haploid spores by meiosis. a) gametophyte; sporophyte b) zygote; embryo c) embryo; zygotes d) porophyte; gametophyte | back 16 a |
front 17 When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____. See Concept 30.1 (Page 635) View Available Hint(s) a) diploid gametophyte b) haploid gametophyte c) diploid sporophyte d) triploid endosperm e)haploid sporophyte | back 17 c |
front 18 The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. See Concept 30.1 (Page 636) View Available Hint(s) a)pollen b) sporophylls c) heterospory d) cones e) ovules | back 18 a |
front 19 Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution? a) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle b) the trend toward larger gametophytes c) the trend toward smaller size d) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle | back 19 a |
front 20 In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? a) megaphylls b) sporopollenin c) lignin present in cell walls d) pollen | back 20 d |
front 21 In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? a)sporophyll b) sporangium c) sporopollenin d) stigma | back 21 c |
front 22 In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a _____. a) moss sporophyte b) fern sporophyte c) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia d) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia | back 22 c |
front 23 The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________. a) providing nutrition for animals b) containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte c) relying on animals for pollination d) using wind as a dispersal agent | back 23 b |
front 24 Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? a) female gametophyte b) male sporophyte c) male gametophyte d) female sporophyte | back 24 c |
front 25 One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"? a) The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated. b) The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce. c) The dust is the spore production of ferns and is so abundant because the spores are wind-dispersed. d) The dust is the seed production of pines and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce. | back 25 a |
front 26 Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a) pollen production b) double fertilization c) haploid gametophytes d) a dominant sporophyte generation e) an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue | back 26 b |
front 27 The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. a) pollen grains b) megaspores c) male sporophytes d) endosperm e) embryo sacs | back 27 a |
front 28 In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. a) cotyledon b) endosperm c) seed coat d) sporophyte e) fruit | back 28 c |
front 29 A carpel is composed of _____. a) zygote, anther, and endosperm b) ovule, megasporocyte, and anther c) ovary, ovule, and anther d) petal, sepal, and stamen e) stigma, style, and ovary | back 29 e |
front 30 A stamen consists of _____. a) ovary and sepal b) stigma and style c) anther and filament d) stigma and filament e) stigma and anther | back 30 c |
front 31 In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. a) stigma b) ovary c) ovulate cone d) anther e) style | back 31 a |
front 32 Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. See Concept 30.3 (Page 642) View Available Hint(s) a) flowers b) a vascular system c) seeds d) a sporophyte phase e) a life cycle that involves alternation of generationsSubmit | back 32 a |
front 33 The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17),
is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood
tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality
lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy
season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil
nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of
endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year.
Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut
trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as
pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized
rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard
wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries
others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can
then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. a) rain droplets b) squirrels c) breezes d) seed-eating birds | back 33 c |
front 34 Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____. a) foster seed dispersal b) decrease competition c) favor pollination d) inhibit herbivory | back 34 d |
front 35 The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17),
is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood
tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality
lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy
season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil
nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of
endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year.
Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut
trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as
pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized
rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard
wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries
others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can
then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. a) failure to produce pollen b) failure to produce fertile ovules c) poor sporophyte viability d) pollination failure | back 35 d |
front 36 In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus? a) 8 b) 16 c)24 d) 32 | back 36 a |
front 37 In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus? a) 8 b) 16 c)24 d) 32 | back 37 a |
front 38 In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in the nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to fertilization? a) 8 b) 16 c) 24 d) 32 | back 38 a |
front 39 In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus after fertilization? a) 8 b) 16 c) 24 d) 32 | back 39 b |
front 40 In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus? a) 8 b) 16 c) 24 d) 32 | back 40 b |
front 41 The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17),
is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood
tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality
lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy
season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil
nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of
endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year.
Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut
trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as
pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized
rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard
wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries
others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can
then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. a) 34 b) 51 c) 17 d) 68 | back 41 b |
front 42 Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? a) free-living gametophytes b) double internal fertilization c) carpels that contain microsporangia d) ovules that are not contained within ovaries | back 42 b |
front 43 The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? a) mitosis b) meiosis c) binary fission d) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis | back 43 a |
front 44 Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____. a) female reproductive parts b) capable of photosynthesis c) found on flowers d) modified leaves | back 44 d |
front 45 Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants? a) Land plants often provide food for pollinators. b) Crop plants often produce more seeds than their wild relatives. c) Land plants produce poisons and medicines. d) Crop plants can often interbreed with their wild relatives. | back 45 c |
front 46 Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? a) in the style of a flower b) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen c) enclosed in the stigma of a flower d) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower e) inside the tip of a pollen tube | back 46 d |
front 47 With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? a) megaspore-2n b) zygote-2n c) sperm-n d) egg-n e) microspore-n | back 47 a |
front 48 What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? a) Megaspores or microspores b) Male or female gametophytes c) Sperm or eggs | back 48 a |
front 49 Which of the following statements about decomposers is false? a) They play a key role in chemical recycling. b) They are autotrophs. c) They include prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. d) They break down waste products, leaf litter, and the bodies of dead organisms. | back 49 b |
front 50 In asexual reproduction, a) one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring after crossing over occurs. b) one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. c) each parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring, causing the offspring to differ genetically from each other. d) each offspring has some cells derived by mitosis in the parent and other cells derived by meiosis in the parent. | back 50 b |
front 51 Suppose two species live in close contact with each other. One species benefits by eating the tissues of the other, and the other is harmed (by having its tissues consumed). The ecological interaction between these species is an example of a) symbiosis and commensalism. b) symbiosis and mutualism. c) mutualism and parasitism. d) parasitism and symbiosis. | back 51 d |
front 52 Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? See Concept 31.1 (Page 653) View Available Hint(s) a) Plants produce spores. b) Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. c) Fungi have cell walls. d) Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. e) Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. | back 52 d |
front 53 Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. See Concept 31.1 (Page 653) View Available Hint(s) a)photosynthesis b)chemosynthesis c) endocytosis d) absorption e) ingestion | back 53 d |
front 54 The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. See Concept 31.1 (Page 653) View Available Hint(s) a) mycelia ... dikaryon b) hyphae ... mycelium c) mycelia ... hypha d) sporangia ... dikaryon e) hyphae ... chytrid | back 54 b |
front 55 What do fungi and arthropods have in common? a) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. b) Both groups use chitin for support. c) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. d) Both groups have cell walls. | back 55 b |
front 56 Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? a) The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane. b) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs. c) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. d) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. | back 56 a |
front 57 If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? a) grasses b) flowering plants c) prokaryotes d) protists | back 57 c |
front 58 When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? a) fungal enzymes b) larger bacterial populations c) fungal haustoria d) increased oxygen levels | back 58 a |
front 59 A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? a) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae b) breezes distributing spores c) karyogamy d) mycelial flagella | back 59 a |
front 60 The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. a) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition b) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms c) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats d) the increased probability of contact between different mating types | back 60 a |
front 61 Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? a) mutualistic b) commensal c) parasitic d) predatory | back 61 a |
front 62 Some nematode worms suck plant juices from the roots of plants and are economically important agricultural pests. Some fungi are usually decomposers of plant material, but some trap and kill nematodes at times. Arthrobotrys traps and kills nematodes, especially when they lack nitrogen sources. These two facts suggest that farmers could find Arthrobotrys an important tool in combating nematode infestations. Which of the following research questions would make a good starting point for developing such a defense against plant-sucking nematodes? a) What is the evolutionarily oldest method of trapping nematodes? b) What mechanisms do nematodes have that could allow them to escape from Arthrobotrys? c) Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes? d) Do nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide nitrogen to the fungi? | back 62 c |
front 63 Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? a) Hyphae are 100 to 1,000 times larger than plant roots. b) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules. c) Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. d) Hyphae have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root.Submit | back 63 b |
front 64 The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following? See Concept 31.2 (Page 655) View Available Hint(s) a) gymnosperm b) angiosperm c) fern d) moss e) fungus | back 64 e |
front 65 What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? See Concept 31.2 (Page 656) View Available Hint(s) a) diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition b) haustoria and karyogamy c) karyogamy and meiosis d) plasmogamy and meiosis e) budding and meiosis | back 65 c |
front 66 Deuteromycetes _____. a) include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae b) are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage c) represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified d) are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens | back 66 b |
front 67 Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? a) heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells b) heterokaryotic cells or cells with two diploid nuclei c) dikaryotic cells or cells with two diploid nuclei d) cells with a single haploid nucleus or dikaryotic cells | back 67 a |
front 68 In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently _____. a) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell b) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures c) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells d) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time | back 68 c |
front 69 The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____. a) due to common ancestry b) by inheritance of acquired traits c) by serial endosymbioses d) by convergent evolution | back 69 d |
front 70 Fungi produce _____ spores. a)dikaryotic b)heterokaryotic c) haploid d) diploid e) triploid | back 70 c |
front 71 Karyogamy produces a _____. a) diploid zygote b) haploid zygote c) spores d) mycelium e) hypha | back 71 a |
front 72 Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? a) the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle b) zygotespore-producing structures c) mycelium d) hypha | back 72 d |
front 73 Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. a) Zygomycota b) Chytridomycota | back 73 c |
front 74 Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which
of the following is an example of such a relationship? See Concept
31.5 (Page 665) a) Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. | back 74 e |
front 75 Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? a) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. | back 75 a |
front 76 All fungi share which of the following characteristics? a) heterotrophic | back 76 a |
front 77 In a phylogenetic tree, a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the evolutionary history of the group is described as a) the most recent common ancestor. | back 77 d |
front 78 A mutualism is an ecological relationship between two species a) that live in close contact with each other. | back 78 b |
front 79 Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? a) the structural carbohydrate, chitin | back 79 b |
front 80 The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? a) the evolution of meiosis | back 80 b |
front 81 Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by ________. a) consuming living, rather than dead, prey | back 81 d |
front 82 What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common? a) some type of body symmetry | back 82 b |
front 83 All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived
in the _____. See Concept 32.2 (Page 673) a) Pliocene | back 83 e |
front 84 The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can
be traced back to the _____ explosion. See Concept 32.2 (Page
675) a) Devonian b) Jurassic | back 84 d |
front 85 The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. a) multicellular algae | back 85 d |
front 86 Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? a) random segregation | back 86 c |
front 87 Which of the following is radially symmetrical? See Concept 32.3
(Page 677) a) a submarine sandwich | back 87 c |
front 88 Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____. See
Concept 32.3 (Page 679) a) primary germ layers | back 88 a |
front 89 During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in
_____. See Concept 32.3 (Page 679) a) arthropods | back 89 e |
front 90 Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity? See
Concept 32.3 (Page 678) a) flatworm | back 90 a |
front 91 Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? a) nervous: mesoderm | back 91 a |
front 92 While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo _____. a) develops an archenteron | back 92 d |
front 93 In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? a) The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical. | back 93 d |
front 94 If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm? a) forming the outside of the pipe | back 94 b |
front 95 What do all deuterostomes have in common? a) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. | back 95 d |
front 96 A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise 1 hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45° and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) ________. a) sea urchin | back 96 d |
front 97 An organism that exhibits a head with sensory equipment and a brain probably also ________. a) has a coelom | back 97 c |
front 98 The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having _____. a) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos | back 98 d |
front 99 The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of a) a complete digestive tract. | back 99 b |
front 100 Select the correct statement(s) about animal body plans. a) All triploblastic animals possess a coelom. b) Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes). c) In both protostomes and deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. | back 100 b |
front 101 What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom? a) Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue. | back 101 a |
front 102 Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? a) In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus. | back 102 b |
front 103 A pseudocoelomate refers to an animal with a a) functional body cavity lined by tissues derived only from
mesoderm. | back 103 b |
front 104 What evidence suggests that vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than are any other invertebrate phyla? a) Shared DNA sequences | back 104 a |
front 105 Why do fleshy fruits often have seeds with very tough seed
coats? a) So the seeds can be dispersed by propulsion | back 105 c |
front 106 What characterizes the fruit of seeds that are dispersed by the
wind? a) They contain a large amount of sugar. | back 106 c |
front 107 True or false? Fruits provide food to the developing plant. a) True | back 107 b |
front 108 Which part of a flower develops into the seed? a) Carpel | back 108 d |
front 109 Which term describes the portion of a peach that can be eaten by
humans? a) Endosperm | back 109 d |
front 110 True or false? The endosperm tissue that nourishes the developing
plant has the same nutritional characteristics regardless of the plant
species. a) True | back 110 b |
front 111 Which part of a plant attracts pollinators? a) Petals | back 111 a |
front 112 Which process involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther
to a stigma? a) Germination | back 112 b |
front 113 True or false? The endosperm in a seed develops into the
embryo. a) True | back 113 b |
front 114 Which term describes the male gametophytes of flowering
plants? a) Micropyle | back 114 c |
front 115 Which structure formed by the male gametophyte allows sperm to reach
the ovary of a flowering plant? a) Pollen tube | back 115 a |
front 116 How is fertilization in flowering plants different from fertilization
in other plant groups? a) One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid
zygote. | back 116 d |
front 117 Which of the following statements about seed formation in a flowering
plant is true? a) Hypocotyls are the seed leaves of the embryonic plant. | back 117 d |
front 118 What is endosperm? a) the leaves that are a part of the embryo | back 118 e |
front 119 The pointer is indicating a diploid cell that develops into the _____. a) embryo | back 119 a |
front 120 Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____. a) protect seeds | back 120 e |
front 121 Meiosis will produce microspores in the _____. See Concept 38.1 (Page
824) a) anther | back 121 a |
front 122 In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these
sperm do? See Concept 38.1 (Page 824) a) One fertilizes an egg, and the other is kept in reserve. | back 122 e |
front 123 Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming
that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. a) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 | back 123 d |
front 124 Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. a) evolved concurrently with pollen | back 124 d |
front 125 Double fertilization means that _____. a) one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is
needed to fertilize the polar nuclei | back 125 a |
front 126 Suppose that 100 pollen grains land on a stigma, and 50 mature seeds are formed in the fruit. What does this indicate about the pollination process and success? a) 50% success: 100 pollen grains grew to 50 ovules, and double
fertilization occurred. | back 126 d |
front 127 The vast number and variety of flower species is probably related to various kinds of _____. a) climatic conditions | back 127 b |
front 128 The egg of a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 12 (n = 12). What is true about the number of chromosomes in the cells of other tissues of this plant? a) The leaves and stems have 12 chromosomes. | back 128 c |
front 129 Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata?
See Concept 34.1 (Page 717) a)a muscular, post-anal tail | back 129 d |
front 130 Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? a) jaws | back 130 b |
front 131 The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____. a) locomotion | back 131 d |
front 132 Jaws evolved _____. See Concept 34.3 (Page 724) a) from the bony armor of ostracoderms | back 132 c |
front 133 Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which
is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with no need to
return to water at any stage of the life cycle? See Concept 34.5 (Page
732) a) tetrapod locomotion | back 133 d |
front 134 What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? a) Embryos are protected from predators. | back 134 c |
front 135 Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo? a) the allantois | back 135 d |
front 136 Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds? A)amniotic eggs | back 136 b |
front 137 The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____. a) shared ancestry | back 137 c |
front 138 Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit? a) ectothermy | back 138 d |
front 139 Which of these are amniotes? a) amphibians | back 139 b |
front 140 Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? a) birds | back 140 a |
front 141 Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been directed in part by the development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible? a) location of the eyes at the front of the head | back 141 a |
front 142 What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta? a) Monotremata | back 142 b |
front 143 Which of the following statements about the geographic distribution of marsupials is accurate? a) they occur only in Australia and New Guinea | back 143 d |
front 144 Except for modern ethnic groups in ______, the majority of humans appear to have traces of Neanderthal DNA in their genome. a) Asia | back 144 c |
front 145 Research confirms that Neanderthal DNA makes up about ____ of the modern human genome. a) 1% | back 145 b |
front 146 DNA was isolated from Neanderthal ____ and sequenced so that it could be compared to modern human DNA. a) teeth | back 146 d |
front 147 Mating is believed to have taken place between modern humans and Neanderthals in ____ about 70,000 years ago. a) Africa | back 147 b |
front 148 The Neanderthal DNA discovered in Homo sapiens is best explained by ____. a) gene flow | back 148 a |
front 149 Humans are _______. a) Australopithecus | back 149 d |
front 150 On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason? a) This change was necessary for the increase in size from prosimian
forms to anthropoid forms. | back 150 d |
front 151 In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids? a) eyes on the front of the face | back 151 b |