front 1 1) The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin. | back 1 D |
front 2 2) All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except A) sporopollenin. B) lignin. C) chlorophyll a. D) cellulose. E) chlorophyll b. | back 2 B |
front 3 3) In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae | back 3 C |
front 4 4) On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant? A) alternation of generations B) sporopollenin C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) flagellated sperm E) embryos | back 4 E |
front 5 5) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes. D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga. | back 5 B |
front 6 6) Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pterophyta D) Bryophyta E) Charophycea | back 6 B |
front 7 7) A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
| back 7 E |
front 8 8) Given its composition and location, the phragmoplast should be directly involved in the
| back 8 D |
front 9 9) Structurally, phragmoplasts should be most similar to A) the nuclear lamina. B) the myofilaments of muscle cells. C) the internal support structures of microvilli. D) the cytoskeletal elements that produce cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid motion. E) spindle fibers. | back 9 E |
front 10 10) What is true of charophytes? A) They are the ancestors of green algae. B) They are examples of seedless vascular plants. C) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants. D) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations. | back 10 C |
front 11 11) The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. B) reduce dehydration. C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. D) repel toxic chemicals. E) provide nutrients to spores. | back 11 B |
front 12 12) If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include
| back 12 A |
front 13 13) Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land?
| back 13 D |
front 14 14) Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) sources of water B) sperm transfer C) desiccation D) animal predation E) absorbing enough light | back 14 D |
front 15 15) The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. B) cuticles. C) tracheids. D) reduced gametophyte generation. E) seeds. | back 15 A |
front 16 16) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?
| back 16 A |
front 17 17) Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial? A) the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period C) the association of the roots of land plants with fungi D) the rise of herbivory E) the rise of wind pollination | back 17 D |
front 18 18) Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? A) They are the sites where male gametes are produced. B) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. C) They are the same as sporangia. D) They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. E) They are asexual reproductive structures. | back 18 B |
front 19 19) Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage. B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia. C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another. E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction. | back 19 B |
front 20 20) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.
| back 20 D |
front 21 21) The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? A) cuticle B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes C) stomata D) peroxisomes E) phenolics | back 21 C |
front 22 22) Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes? A) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes. B) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes. C) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes. D) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes. | back 22 D |
front 23 23) As is true of the gametophytes of all land plants, the gametophytes of true mosses lack stomata. Yet, the feather moss Pleurozium harbors nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Which of the following is a feature of moss gametophytes that is most important for the continued survival of these cyanobacteria in the tissues of the feather moss gametophyte? A) lack of cuticle B) lack of vascular tissues C) lack of true leaves or roots D) lack of an independent sporophyte E) lack of multiple cell layers in "leaves" of "buds" | back 23 E |
front 24 24) Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant. E) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte. | back 24 C |
front 25 25) Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?
| back 25 C |
front 26 26) At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature A) microphylls. B) true roots. C) true leaves. D) sporangia. E) umbilical cells. | back 26 D |
front 27 27) Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have A) lower numbers of bacteria. B) reduced rates of decomposition. C) reduced oxygen content. D) less-acidic water. | back 27 D |
front 28 28) If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention? A) spores B) seta C) foot D) sporangium E) peristome | back 28 C |
front 29 29) In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? A) Pterophyta B) Bryophyta C) horsetail (Equisetum) D) Pterophyta, Bryophyta, and horsetail (Equisetum) E) Pterophyta and Bryophyta | back 29 B |
front 30 30) You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stemlike structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaflike structures. Which of the following would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss or a club moss? A) its color B) its height C) if seeds are present D) if conducting tissues are present E) the appearance of its spore-producing structures | back 30 E |
front 31 31) Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? A) a dominant gametophyte B) photosystem II C) a chitinous cuticle D) stomata on leaves E) an unbranched sporophyte | back 31 D |
front 32 32) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to A) mosses. B) charophytes. C) ferns. D) gymnosperms. E) flowering plants. | back 32 C |
front 33 33) You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant? A) whether or not it has true leaves B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls C) whether or not it has seeds D) its height E) whether or not it has chlorophyll a | back 33 B |
front 34 34) Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? A) mosses B) liverworts C) hornworts D) pterophytes E) charophytes | back 34 D |
front 35 35) If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it A) belongs to a species that is homosporous. B) must be diploid. C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female. | back 35 A |
front 36 36) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
| back 36 E |
front 37 37) If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they weren't), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? A) whisk ferns and epiphytes B) horsetails and bryophytes C) lycophytes and bryophytes D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes E) charophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms | back 37 D |
front 38 38) Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds. D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation. E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example. | back 38 B |
front 39 39) Which of the following are land plants that use the same means of getting sperm to egg that algae use? A) true mosses, hornworts, and liverworts B) ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails C) all land plants D) Two of the responses above are correct. | back 39 D |
front 40 40) Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.
| back 40 B |
front 41 41) Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following?
| back 41 B |
front 42 42) Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric CO2 levels decline is most analogous to a human
| back 42 B |
front 43 43) Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early lycophytes E) early pterophytes | back 43 B |
front 44 44) Of the following list, flagellated (swimming) sperm are generally present in which groups?
| back 44 B |
front 45 45) If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this period?
| back 45 D |
front 46 46) If you were faced with the choice of eliminating all mutualistic symbioses involving plants and other organisms (besides humans), with the goal being to preserve the most plant biomass, which of the following would you save from elimination? A) the dispersal of seeds in or on animals B) the dispersal of male gametophytes by animals C) plants harboring nitrogen-fixing bacteria D) associations between soil fungi and roots or rhizoids | back 46 D |
front 47 47) During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of the following would have been a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it?
| back 47 B |
front 48 48) What is thought to be the correct sequence of the following events during the Carboniferous period?
| back 48 A |
front 49 69) Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? A) similar sperm structure B) the presence of chloroplasts C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts E) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose | back 49 B |
front 50 70) Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? A) chlorophyll b B) cellulose in cell walls C) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis D) sexual reproduction E) alternation of multicellular generations | back 50 E |
front 51 71) In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophytes B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores | back 51 D |
front 52 72) Microphylls are found in which plant group? A) mosses B) liverworts C) lycophytes D) ferns E) hornworts | back 52 C |
front 53 73) Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A) fern B) moss C) liverwort D) charophyte E) hornwort | back 53 A |
front 54 74) Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true? A) Fertilization would probably be more difficult. B) Spore dispersal distances would probably increase. C) Females could produce only one archegonium. D) Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" would probably flop over. E) Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light. | back 54 C |