front 1 Cells are _____. | back 1 characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms |
front 2 In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _____. | back 2 are smaller |
front 3 Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? | back 3 archaea |
front 4 To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology? | back 4 reductionism |
front 5 A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a _____. | back 5 population |
front 6 When a person gets dehydrated while exercising on a hot day, their pituitary gland releases ADH, a hormone that signals the kidneys to retain more water. This is an example of | back 6 Negative feedback regulation |
front 7 Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected. Which of the following experiments will provide the best data to address that question? | back 7 Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to Agrobacterium for different lengths of time. |
front 8 Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? | back 8 near universality of the genetic code |
front 9 How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis? | back 9 Theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues. |
front 10 The best experimental design _____. | back 10 includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition |
front 11 What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight? | back 11 Atomic mass is the mass of a single atom or an individual isotope. The atomic weight is the average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. |
front 12 About twenty-five of the ninety-two natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these twenty-five elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter? | back 12 carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
front 13 Knowing the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? | back 13 the number of protons plus neutrons in the element |
front 14 Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon and has a mass number of 12. However, the average atomic mass of carbon found on a periodic table is slightly more than 12 daltons. Why? | back 14 Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons. |
front 15 Fluorine has an atomic number of 9. Which of the following would you do to a neutral fluorine atom to complete its valence shell? | back 15 add 1 electron |
front 16 Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and most commonly, a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom? | back 16 approximately 16 daltons |
front 17 If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create _____. | back 17 an isotope |
front 18 A covalent chemical bond is one in which _____. | back 18 outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals |
front 19 What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? | back 19 Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms. |
front 20 How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond? | back 20 2 |
front 21 In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by _____. | back 21 polar covalent bonds |
front 22 The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because _____. | back 22 the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus |
front 23 Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with _____. | back 23 compounds that have polar covalent bonds |
front 24 The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are at about the same latitude, but Minneapolis has much hotter summers and much colder winters than Portland. Why? | back 24 The ocean near Portland moderates the temperature. |
front 25 Water has many exceptional and useful properties. Which is the rarest property among compounds? | back 25 Solid water is less dense than liquid water. |
front 26 Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water? | back 26 A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond. |
front 27 What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of 10-12 M? | back 27 pH 2 |
front 28 A beaker contains 100 milliliters (mL) of NaOH solution at pH = 13. A technician carefully pours into the beaker 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes the result of this mixing? | back 28 The pH of the beaker's contents will decrease. |
front 29 Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations might have what effect on seawater? | back 29 Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease. |
front 30 Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the _____. | back 30 elemental composition from organism to organism |
front 31 Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that _____. | back 31 organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth |
front 32 Which of the following is true of carbon? | back 32 It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds. |
front 33 How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell? | back 33 4 |
front 34 A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? | back 34 covalent |
front 35 Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers? | back 35 They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. |
front 36 Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that _____. | back 36 are mirror images of each other |
front 37 Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? | back 37 carboxyl and amino groups |