front 1 To say that people are loss averse means they: b) Dislike losing goods of a certain value more than they like gaining goods of the same value c) Are risk seeking in the domain of losses d) Are risk averse in the domain of losses | back 1 B |
front 2 Morphemes are the smallest: b) Units of meaning in a language that change sound c) Pronounceable units of a language d) Units of meaning in a language | back 2 D |
front 3 Experimental studies show that, for equal losses or gains, people are: a) risk averse for losses and gains b) risk taking for losses and gains c) risk averse for gains and risk taking for losses d) risk averse for losses and risk taking for gains | back 3 C |
front 4 Which of the following is true about phonemes and morphemes? a) Phonemes are sounds made to produce speech, and morphemes are gestures made to produce sign language b) Phonemes are the smallest unit of meaning and morphemes are the smallest unit of speech c) In a language like English, both phonemes and morphemes can be combined to make new words d) Languages differ in their rules for how morphemes can be combined, but all languages use phonemes in the same way. | back 4 C |
front 5 What is a common way to gain insight while trying to solve a problem? a) Allow the problem to incubate in the back of your mind b) Utilize deliberate practice to improve performance c) Develop a mental set for viewing the problem d) Apply an analogy based on a problem you already solved. | back 5 A |
front 6 Which of the following is a major feature of Chomsky’s nativist
theory of language acquisition? b. Children learn words by associating sounds with contexts. c. Innate mechanisms guide the selection of rules for learning any language. d. There is a critical period for learning language in early childhood. | back 6 C |
front 7 The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously,” is an example of a sentence that is: a. Phonologically correct but lacks grammatical syntax. b. Syntactically correct but meaningless. c. Neither phonologically nor syntactically correct. d. Syntactically ambiguous | back 7 B |
front 8 A friend of yours has never taken a psychology course before. You show her four cards labeled P, 7, E, 4, and ask her which cards need to be turned over to verify the rule “If there is a consonant on the front, then there is an odd number on the back.” The correct answer is to turn over the cards labeled “P” and “4”, but your friend foolishly turns over cards labeled “P” and “7”. You reassure her that most people make this mistake, which is known as (a/an): a. Schema b. Functional fixedness c. Availability heuristic d. Confirmation bias | back 8 D |
front 9 Which of the following statements about expertise is FALSE? a. Expertise takes many years to achieve. b. Experts often do not need a strategy before solving a problem. c. Experts rely on specific principles and concepts. d. Expertise does not generalize to other domains. | back 9 B |
front 10 Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness? (A) Using a blanket as a floor mat (B) Not being able to solve a math problem because you are using the incorrect formula (C) Replacing oil with applesauce when baking a cake (D) Failing to use your keys to open a package when you can’t find a pair of scissors (E) Picking up a tangerine and calling it an orange | back 10 D |
front 11 After watching the evening news, Khloe believes the newscast contains only tragic events like floods, earthquakes, and murders. When asked to think carefully about the newscast, she did recall many other events. Th is is an example of: (A) Representative heuristic (B) Availability heuristic (C) Algorithm (D) Functional fixedness (E) Insight | back 11 B |
front 12 On her way to London, Janet was invited into the cockpit to meet the pilot, Alex. She was surprised to see that Alex was a woman. Th is is an example of: (A) Confirmation bias (B) Convergent thinking (C) Insight (D) Representative heuristic (E) Availability heuristic | back 12 D |
front 13 Phonemes are best defi ned as: (A) The smallest meaningful combination of sounds in a language (B) The basic sounds of consonants and vowels (C) Something that specifies the meaning of words and phrases (D) A set of rules that specify how we combine words to form meaningful sentences (E) A special form of communication | back 13 B |
front 14 Noam Chomsky’s language theory included the idea that: (A) Language development occurs between the ages of three and five. (B) Children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement. (C) Children make the same grammatical errors as their parents. (D) Children model language development from those around them. (E) Children have an innate mental grammar | back 14 E |
front 15 Which of the following statements is not supported by the Whorf-Sapir linguistic relativity hypothesis? (A) The language a person speaks determines the way a person thinks. (B) If language lacks expression, the thought that corresponds will likely not occur. (C) There is evidence to support that language development has inborn tendencies. (D) If language affects our ability to store information, it should affect our thought process. (E) To understand new vocabulary, it is easier to think about the relationship between language and thought. | back 15 C |
front 16 Suppose you consider elderly people to be infirm and mentally slow. Every time you see elderly people in need of care or assistance, you take it as evidence of your belief, while ignoring the many cases of healthy, active elderly people. This is an example of: (A) Representative heuristic (B) Availability heuristic (C) Prototype (D) Confirmation bias (E) Functional fixedness | back 16 D |
front 17 Which of the following is not a good example of the ability to overcome functional fixedness? (A) A potato is used as a temporary gas cap. (B) A paper clip is used to make earrings. (C) A glass is used as a paperweight. (D) A credit card is used as a bookmark. (E) A math formula is used to solve a math problem. | back 17 E |
front 18 Which of the following statements best describes an example of availability heuristic? (A) After speaking in front of 200 people, Tim is no longer afraid of public speaking. (B) Jane thinks all men will eventually cheat on her. (C) Steven complains to his wife about work after a very bad day, but at the office party Steven’s wife sees how much he enjoys what he does. (D) Rob claims that when he is confronted with a problem, he likes to come up with one correct solution. (E) After meeting a celebrity, Todd now wants to become an actor and eventually become famous. | back 18 C |
front 19 Which of the following terms is not an example of a problem-solving technique? (A) Functional fixedness (B) Trial and error (C) Subgoals (D) Brainstorming (E) Heuristics | back 19 A |
front 20 Th is problem-solving technique involves analyzing the diff erence between the current situation and the desired end, and then doing something to reduce that difference. (A) Subgoals (B) Means-end analysis (C) Brainstorming (D) Heuristic (E) Algorithm | back 20 B |
front 21 If you are given the information that in order to vote in a
presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that
Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically
conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of
using _____ reasoning. | back 21 B |
front 22 Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. | back 22 C |
front 23 An experiment measures participants' performance in judging
syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli,
and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion
logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated
for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. | back 23 A |
front 24 Consider the following syllogism: | back 24 A |
front 25 The validity of a syllogism depends on | back 25 C |
front 26 Consider the following syllogism: | back 26 B |
front 27 A syllogism is valid if | back 27 A |
front 28 For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in
judging validity? | back 28 C |
front 29 If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining.
Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella. | back 29 A |
front 30 Consider the following conditional syllogism: | back 30 C |
front 31 Consider the following conditional syllogism: | back 31 D |
front 32 Consider the following conditional syllogism: | back 32 B |
front 33 According to your text, the key to solving the Watson four-card
problem is | back 33 D |
front 34 The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel
on one side, then there is an even number on the other side."
Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one
of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn
over the cards showing | back 34 C |
front 35 When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem
is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which
beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), | back 35 A |
front 36 Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail
for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived
within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she
expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using | back 36 B |
front 37 Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago.
While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend,
"Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember
seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's
judgment is most likely biased by a(n) | back 37 B |
front 38 Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they
should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me
about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to
eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) | back 38 A |
front 39 The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people
die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the | back 39 B |
front 40 Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that
people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower
Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely
influenced from a judgment error based on her using | back 40 C |
front 41 Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive
condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite
high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using | back 41 A |
front 42 Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She
majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was
deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and
she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the
following alternatives is most probable? | back 42 A |
front 43 The conjunction rule states that | back 43 B |
front 44 Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in
errors concerning | back 44 D |
front 45 Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation.
This is an example of an | back 45 A |
front 46 People tend to overestimate | back 46 A |
front 47 By using a(n) , a country could increase the percentage of
individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. | back 47 A |
front 48 Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She
recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is
running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in
five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to
purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms
of _____, she will use a _____ strategy. | back 48 D |
front 49 Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes
human language unique? | back 49 B |
front 50 B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that
language is learned through | back 50 D |
front 51 Noam Chomsky proposed that | back 51 A |
front 52 One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's
theory of language acquisition was his observation that children | back 52 A |
front 53 The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). | back 53 C |
front 54 "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. | back 54 B |
front 55 An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include | back 55 A |
front 56 In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in"
the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT | back 56 D |
front 57 The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more | back 57 A |
front 58 Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people
perform a lexical decision task? | back 58 C |
front 59 In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to | back 59 D |
front 60 Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access | back 60 B |
front 61 Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? | back 61 A |
front 62 Syntax is | back 62 A |
front 63 When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one
way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct,
we say that the sentence is an example of | back 63 C |
front 64 Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like
a short distance to him." | back 64 B |
front 65 Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? | back 65 A |
front 66 The principle of late closure can be described as a(n) _____ since it
provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence. | back 66 C |
front 67 The interactionist approach to parsing states that | back 67 B |
front 68 The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist
approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. | back 68 C |
front 69 Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill
the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together
provide an example of a(n) | back 69 D |
front 70 Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family
vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas,
there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then
of course, we grill them." That a reader understands
"them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is
the result of a(n) _____ inference. | back 70 D |
front 71 Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she
danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It
seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that
it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not
a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) | back 71 C |
front 72 Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The
sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down."
The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would
most likely be a(n) _____ inference. | back 72 A |
front 73 The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect
the way people think. | back 73 B |
front 74 A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants
from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South
America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw
in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their
language possessed primary color words. These results | back 74 A |