front 1 A public health nurse is teaching the community about health promotion. Which information should the nurse include for innate immunity? Innate immunity is gained: a. following an illness b. at birth c. via injection of specific antibodies d. in adulthood | back 1 b. at birth |
front 2 Which statement indicates teaching was successful regarding collectins? Collectins are produced by the: a. kidneys b. bowel c. lungs d. integument | back 2 c. lungs |
front 3 A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of the following types of immunity was compromised? a. innate immunity b. inflammatory response c. adaptive immunity d. specific immunity | back 3 a. innate immunity |
front 4 Biochemical secretions that trap and kill microorganisms include: a. hormones b. neurotransmitters c. earwax d. gastric acid | back 4 c. earwax |
front 5 A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting vaginal discharge of a white, viscous, and foul-smelling substance. She reports that she has been taking antibiotics for the past 6 months. Which finding will the nurse most likely see on the microorganism report? a. Clostridium difficile overgrowth b. Decreased Lactobacillus c. Streptococcus overgrowth d. Decreased Candida albicans | back 5 b. Decreased Lactobacillus |
front 6 When an aide asks the nurse what is a purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond? a. To provide specific responses toward antigens b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury | back 6 c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue |
front 7 A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What else will the nurse observe upon assessment? a. vasoconstriction at the injured site b. decreased RBC concentration at the injured site c. pale skin at the injured site d. edema at the injured site | back 7 d. edema at the injured site |
front 8 A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory response through the process of: a. chemotaxis b. endocytosis c. degranulation d. opsonization | back 8 c. degranulation |
front 9 Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic infection? a. 18-year-old with diabetes b. 70-year-old with congestive heart failure c. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised d. 30-year-old with pneumonia | back 9 c. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised |
front 10 The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed: a. chemotaxis b. endocytosis c. margination d. diapedesis | back 10 a. chemotaxis |
front 11 A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand? a. eosinophils b. neutrophils c. leukotrienes d. monocytes | back 11 b. neutrophils |
front 12 The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: a. eosinophil b. neutrophil c. lymphocyte d. macrophage | back 12 b. neutrophil |
front 13 A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by: a. decreasing leukotriene production b. increasing histamine release c. decreasing prostaglandin production d. increasing platelet-activating factor | back 13 c. decreasing prostaglandin production |
front 14 Which factor will help the nurse differentiate leukotrienes from histamine? a. site of production b. vascular effect c. chemotactic ability d. time of release | back 14 d. time of release Leukotrienes are released slower and longer than histamine. |
front 15 A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with extensive soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to: a. histamine and serotonin b. kinins and prostaglandins c. vasoconstriction d. immune complex formation | back 15 b. kinins and prostaglandins Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis, and pain by direct effects on nerves. Kinins also promote pain. |
front 16 The complement, clotting, and kinin systems share which of the following characteristics? a. activation of a series of proenzymes b. phagocytosis initiation c. granulocyte production d. activated by interferon | back 16 a. activation of a series of proenzymes The complement system, the clotting system, and the kinin system are normally in inactive forms, but can activate in a series as proenzymes and are involved in the inflammatory process. |
front 17 Which statement indicates teaching was successful regarding the classical pathway of the complement system? The classic pathway of the complement system is activated by: a. histamine b. antigen-antibody complexes c. leukotrienes d. prostaglandins | back 17 b. antigen-antibody complexes The classic pathway of the complement system is activated by antibodies of the immune system. |
front 18 A patient has researched bradykinin on the internet. Which information indicates the patient understands the functions of bradykinin? Bradykinin is involved in: a. increasing vascular permeability b. vasoconstricting blood vessels c. stimulating the clotting system d. increasing degradation of prostaglandins | back 18 a. increasing vascular permeability Bradykinin increases vascular permeability. |
front 19 After teaching the staff about the clotting system, which statement indicates teaching was successful? The end product of the clotting system is: a. plasmin b. fibrin c. collagen d. factor x | back 19 b. fibrin The end product of the clotting system is fibrin. |
front 20 A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement pathways would be activated in this case? a. classical pathway b. lectin pathway c. alternative pathway d. kinin pathway | back 20 c. alternative pathway The alternative pathway is activated by several substances found on the surface of infectious organisms, such as those containing lipopolysaccharides. |
front 21 An 8-year-old female presents with edema of the cutaneous and mucosal tissue layers. Her mother reports that the condition is recurrent and seems to occur more often during stressful situations. The child is diagnosed with hereditary angioedema. Which of the following is deficient in this child? a. C1 esterase inhibitor b. Carboxypeptidase c. Neutrophils d. Plasmin | back 21 a. C1 esterase inhibitor A genetic defect in C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 INH deficiency) results in hereditary angioedema. |
front 22 A nurse is preparing to teach on the subject of opsonins. Which information should the nurse include? Opsonins are molecules that: a. are composed of fatty acids b. regulate inflammation c. degranulate mast cells d. enhance phagocytosis | back 22 d. enhance phagocytosis Opsonins coat the surface of bacteria and increase their susceptibility to being phagocytized. |
front 23 A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite? a. monocytes b. eosinophils c. neutrophils d. macrophages | back 23 b. eosinophils Eosinophils serve as the body's primary defense against parasites. |
front 24 A 65-year-old female is diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. She has developed muscle wasting. Which of the following substances would be produced in large quantities to eliminate the tumor cells and cause muscle wasting? a. interleukin-6 b. eosinophils c. tumor necrosis factor d. platelets | back 24 c. tumor necrosis factor Tumor necrosis factor causes muscle wasting. |
front 25 When phagocytes begin to stick avidly to capillary walls, which process is occurring? a. margination b. exudation c. integration d. emigration | back 25 a. margination Both leukocytes and endothelial cells secrete substances that increase adhesion, or stickiness, causing the leukocytes to adhere more avidly to the endothelial cells in the walls of the capillaries and venules in a process called margination. |
front 26 An infant develops a fever secondary to a bacterial infection. Which of the following most likely triggered the fever? a. Interleukin-1 b. Interleukin-6 c. Interleukin-10 d. Interferons (INFs) | back 26 a. Interleukin-1 Interleukin-1 is responsible for fever production. |
front 27 A 54-year-old male IV drug user is diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C. Testing revealed that he is a candidate for treatment. Which of the following could be used to treat his condition? a. Interleukin-1 b. Interleukin-6 c. Interleukin-10 d. Interferons (INFs) | back 27 d. Interferons (INFs) INFs are members of a family of cytokines that protect against viral infections. |
front 28 A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with lobar pneumonia (lung infection). Which of the following exudates would be present in the highest concentration at the site of this advanced inflammatory response? a. serous b. purulent c. hemorrhagic d. fibrinous | back 28 d. fibrinous Fibrinous exudates occur in the lungs of individuals with pneumonia. |
front 29 During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively known as: a. opsonins b. acute phase reactants c. antibodies d. phagolysosome | back 29 b. acute phase reactants The synthesis of many plasma proteins by the liver is increased during inflammation. These proteins, which can be either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory in nature, are referred to as acute phase reactants. |
front 30 A 3-year-old is making play cakes in a sandbox and is eating the play cakes. The sand was also being used by cats as a litter box and was contaminated with toxoplasmosis. Which of the following would most likely also be present? a. granuloma formation b. degranulation c. blood clots d. exudate production | back 30 a. granuloma formation Infections caused by bacteria such as toxoplasmosis can result in granuloma formation. |
front 31 A 12-year-old male is fighting with another child when he receives a puncture wound from a pencil. The school nurse cleans and bandages the wound. After about 1 week, the wound would be in which phase of healing? a. debridement b. primary intention c. resolution d. maturation | back 31 c. resolution Resolution occurs when repaired tissue is approaching close to normal. |
front 32 The macrophage secretion that stimulates procollagen synthesis and secretion is: a. angiogenesis factor b. matrix metalloproteinase c. vascular endothelial growth factor d. transforming growth factor-beta | back 32 d. transforming growth factor-beta Macrophages secrete transforming growth factor-beta to stimulate fibroblasts to secrete the collagen precursor procollagen. |
front 33 A 30-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident. The glass from the shattered window cut his face and neck. The scar, however, was raised and extended beyond the original boundaries of the wound. This pattern of scarring is caused by impaired: a. nutritional status b. collagen synthesis c. epithelialization d. contraction | back 33 b. collagen synthesis Impaired production of collagen can cause surface overhealing, leading to a keloid or a hypertrophic scar. |
front 34 The nurse is reviewing the lab data of a newly admitted patient. The nurse notes the patient had an erythrocyte sedimentation done, and the results are quite elevated. The nurse would focus the care plan on which of the following conditions? a. anemia b. infection c. inflammation d. electrolyte imbalance | back 34 c. inflammation Common lab tests for inflammation measure levels of acute phase reactants. An increase in fibrinogen is associated with an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is considered a good indicator of an acute inflammatory response. |
front 35 Healing by secondary intention would occur in which of the following patients? A patient with a: a. sutured surgical wound b. stage IV pressure ulcer c. paper cut d. sunburn | back 35 b. stage IV pressure ulcer A patient with a stage IV pressure ulcer would heal by secondary intention. |
front 36 The post-surgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietician believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing? a. vitamin D b. ascorbic acid c. melanin d. cholesterol | back 36 b. ascorbic acid Most of the factors that interfere with the production of collagen in healing tissues are nutritional. Scurvy, for example, is caused by lack of ascorbic acid of the cofactors required for collagen formation by fibroblasts. The results of scurvy are poorly formed connective tissue and greatly impaired healing. |
front 37 A nurse remembers the primary actions of the complement cascade include: a. increased vascular permeability b. vasoconstriction c. chemotaxis d. opsonization e. cell killing f. increased clotting | back 37 a. increased vascular permeability c. chemotaxis d. opsonization e. cell killing The actions of the complement cascade include increased vascular permeability, and vasodilation, chemotaxis, opsonization, and cell killing. It does not involve vasoconstriction or increased clotting. |
front 38 The nurse is assessing a patient with a diagnosis of inflammation. The nurse would expect to find which of the following signs and symptoms consistent with acute inflammation? a. heat b. erythema c. pain d. swelling e. exudates f. loss of function | back 38 a. heat b. erythema c. pain d. swelling f. loss of function The classic symptoms of acute inflammation include redness, (erythema), heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Exudates would indicate infection, not inflammation. |
front 39 The nurse identified each of the following clinical manifestations of inflammation. Which would the nurse classify as a local response? a. fever b. redness c. swelling d. heat e. pain | back 39 b. redness c. swelling d. heat e. pain Local manifestations of inflammation are the result of the vascular changes associated with the inflammatory process, including vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability. The symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, and pain. |
front 40 Physical barriers that offer the body protection from damage and infection are located in the: a. GI tract b. genitourinary tract c. respiratory tract d. lymph system e. hematopoietic system | back 40 a. GI tract b. genitourinary tract c. respiratory tract The physical barriers that cover the external parts of the human body offer considerable protection from damage and infection. These barriers are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells of the skin and of the linings of the GI, gentiourinary, and respiratory tracts. |