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Microbiology unit 2

front 1

What is the function of the cyanobacterial antenna complex?

back 1

To absorb photons and transfer energy to the reaction center.

front 2

Sulfur oxidation causes environmental__________.

back 2

acidification due to production of sulfuric acid.

front 3

Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotic phototrophs that___________.

back 3

evolve oxygen as a result of photolysis, can use H2O as an electron donor, and have both PSII and PSI.

front 4

For what purpose do anoxygenic phototrophs with photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers run reverse electron transport?

back 4

NADPH synthesis

front 5

Hydrogenotrophs use H2 in what way?

back 5

as a source of energy and electrons

front 6

Methanogenesis, NOT methylotrophy, is the __________.

back 6

oxidation of H2

front 7

Define Methylotrophy.

back 7

the oxidation of single carbon compounds by oxygen, nitrite, or sulfate.

front 8

Define Methanotrophy.

back 8

A special form of methylotrophy where methane is the substrate.

front 9

Nitrifiers obtain energy from which of the following?

back 9

the aerobic oxidation of ammonia and nitrite

front 10

Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria belonging to the genus Chlorobium would likely exist in close proximity to microbes that require sulfate for which of the following?

back 10

anaerobic respiration

front 11

ATP production in halophilic archaea that contain bacteriorhodopsin differs from ATP production in cyanobacteria in that ONLY cyanobacteria____________.

back 11

oxidize water.

front 12

Photosystem proteins (regardless of the organism in which they are found) share a common ancestry with components of what other biological system?

back 12

respiratory electron transport

front 13

An organism contains photosystem II but not photosystem I. From this, it can be concluded that the organism__________.

back 13

can produce ATP from light energy, but not NADPH.

front 14

Photoheterotrophic organisms can_______________.

back 14

use light as an energy source, but must still acquire reduced carbon from the environment.

front 15

Methylotrophy would refer to microbial oxidation of which of the following for growth?

back 15

CH3NH2 , CH3OH, CH4

front 16

Define Hydrogenotrophy.

back 16

the use of hydrogen gas as an electron donor.

front 17

The ability to obtain energy via the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (e.g., H2S) is widespread among prokaryotes (both Bacteria and Archaea). Unfortunately, the nature of the major reaction end product has what effect on the immediate environment?

back 17

drastically lowers the pH

front 18

Is it possible to produce a proton motive force without an electron transport system?

back 18

Yes, by using a membrane-bound protein pigment capable of behaving as a proton pump.

front 19

Metabolism using an electron transport system is classified based on the nature of the initial electron donors and terminal electron acceptors. Lithotrophy uses __________ molecules as the __________ electron __________.

back 19

inorganic; initial; donors

front 20

What is the terminal electron acceptor in oxygenic photosynthesis?

back 20

NADP+

front 21

For every 2 molecules of water consumed, the light reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis generate_______molecule(s) of ATP,_______ molecule(s) of NADPH, and _______ molecule(s) of O2.

back 21

3,2,1

front 22

In photoautotrophs, the chemical energy produced by the "light" reactions (i.e., photolysis and electron transport) is used to fuel which cellular process?

back 22

carbon fixation

front 23

In photoautotrophs, the chemical energy produced by the "light" reactions (i.e., photolysis and electron transport) is used to fuel which cellular process?

back 23

carbon fixation

front 24

Which of the following groups is responsible for the vast majority of primary production on the planet?

back 24

photoautotrophs

front 25

List substrates of lithotrophy.

back 25

Hydrogen,

Elemental sulfur,

Methane,

Carbon monoxide,

Ferrous iron,

Ammonia

front 26

List substrates of Organotrophy

back 26

Gluconate,

Fatty acids,

Glycerol,

Fructose

front 27

Suppose you have isolated a compound that alters the quorum signal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, such that it cannot interact with its normal receptor. Bacterial cells targeted by such a disrupter would most likely___________.

back 27

be similar to free-living cells in their sensitivity to antibiotics.

front 28

Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents a well-studied model organism for single-species biofilm formation. This research is also of direct medical significance because of the propensity of these bacteria to form biofilms in the______of patients with cystic fibrosis.

back 28

lungs

front 29

What early events in biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves the extension and retraction of a specific pilus?

back 29

twitching motility

front 30

Many biofilm-specific phenotypes are controlled by “quorum sensing.” This system allows bacteria to regulate gene expression according to the concentration of_______in its immediate environment.

back 30

other bacteria

front 31

Biofilms form_____________.

back 31

to establish a collaborative community that promotes the members’ growth and reproduction.

front 32

Why are elements such as cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc referred to as micronutrients?

back 32

All cells require these elements in trace amounts, but they don't need to be deliberately added because these elements are ubiquitous and sufficient amounts are naturally present in standard media preparations.

front 33

Many bacteria cannot easily be cultured from their natural habitat. Usually that is because those cells normally obtain a necessary metabolite from a host organism (or other member of the microbial community) and can no longer synthesize that requirement for themselves. Examples of such growth factors include all of the following except___________.

back 33

adenosine triphosphate

front 34

Because of its requirement for active transport (ABC transporters) and basic energy transformations, a cell must have some way to generate its own__________.

back 34

adenosine triphosphate

front 35

An essential nutrient is one that__________.

back 35

bacteria need for proper growth but cannot make themselves.

front 36

All organisms require_______as a macronutrient.

back 36

carbon

front 37

You have isolated a mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis (which you designate wimP) whose endospores can be killed by boiling water. When you analyze the endospores produced by this strain, you find that compared to endospores produced by the parent (a wild-type strain), the wimP spores have significantly__________.

back 37

higher water content.

front 38

Suppose the researcher who ran this experiment also measured growth of the culture by taking optical density readings using a spectrophotometer. During which phase would the data be least proportional to that in the above graph (obtained using numbers of viable cells)?

back 38

death phase

front 39

Cellular synthesis of___________would be directly affected by nitrogen limitation?

back 39

Nucleotides and Amino acids

front 40

Organisms that need to ingest reduced carbon are called__________.

back 40

heterotrophs.

front 41

Paenibacillus wynnii uses the oxygen produced by cyanobacteria for which cellular process?

back 41

Respiration

front 42

What important role(s) do cyanobacteria play?

back 42

Nitrogen-fixers and Primary producers

front 43

Biofilms preferentially form in __________ environments with __________ levels of nutrients.

back 43

moist / high

front 44

John Tyndall discovered that intermittent boiling (cycles of heating and cooling) can kill bacterial endospores. This is a result of____________.

back 44

endospores germinating into vegetative cells during the cooling phase.

front 45

Which of the following elements is considered a "macronutrient" even though it is not part of the basic chemical makeup of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids?

back 45

magnesium

front 46

While adding nutrients to a culture medium in a glass container, which of the following would LEAST likely need to be added and why?

back 46

Zinc, because it is a micronutrient

front 47

A complex medium is one that___________.

back 47

is nutrient-rich, but the amounts and identity of specific nutrients are unknown.

front 48

________are resistant to many stresses that would kill vegetative cells.

back 48

Endospores

front 49

The first photoautotrophs to evolve did not produce oxygen. What does this most strongly suggest about them?

back 49

They used something other than water as a source of electrons.

front 50

What capability is shared by many species of Gram-positive pathogens.

back 50

sporulation

front 51

What is the role of dipicolinic acid in endospore formation?

back 51

It aids in dehydration of the endospore and enhances heat resistance.

front 52

Quorum sensing does what?

back 52

Coordinates biofilm formation via chemical signaling among cells.

front 53

what equation is used to deal with generations of bacteria and calculating populations of cells?

back 53

N 0 × 2 n = Nt, where N 0 is the starting number of cells, n is the number of generations, and Nt is the final number of cells.

front 54

Biofilms are defined as microbial communities growing within a self-produced extracellular matrix composed primarily of___________.

back 54

polysaccharides

front 55

The number of generations per hour (k)__________

back 55

is the reciprocal of generation time (g).

front 56

Consider a typical growth curve of a bacterial batch culture grown in the laboratory. Which of the following phases would be shortened, or absent entirely, if the culture was started using an inoculum from a log-phase culture (in the same medium)?

back 56

lag phase

front 57

Bacteria as a group are incredibly metabolically diverse, but individual species are often highly specialized to reduce competition in their natural environment. This results in these species being unculturable because____________.

back 57

their growth may depend on necessary growth factors provided by other organisms in their natural environment

front 58

What is the correct order of phases of growth is after a growth of bacteria inoculated into a new culture medium?

back 58

lag, log, stationary, death.

front 59

For many bacterial types, this component is an absolute requirement for growth, for others it may be toxic, and still for others, some can live with or without it. This component is_______.

back 59

O2

front 60

The engulfment by the mother cell and deposition of dipicolinic acid highlight this process.

back 60

endospore formation

front 61

nutrient addition at mid to late log phase allows for further increase in cell yield:

back 61

fed-batch culture

front 62

Cellular communication & exopolysaccharide production characterize this.

back 62

biofilm formation

front 63

When severely stressed, these bacteria produce highly resistant dormant forms.

back 63

Bacillus and Clostridium

front 64

If an inoculum of a particular bacterial species were transferred to a shake flask containing a liquid growth medium lacking an essential nutrient, which growth pattern would likely be observed?

back 64

no growth would occur at all

front 65

Bacteria capable of thriving in aquatic environments where the external osmolarity is very high would likely be considered________.

back 65

halophilic

front 66

_________agents are the same in that both would always yield a decrease in viable count when applied to a susceptible bacterial culture.

back 66

Bacteriocidal and bacteriolytic

front 67

Bacteria have higher D-values for irradiation than protists because bacteria have_________.

back 67

smaller genomes

front 68

What is the primary method used by microbes to have water cross the membrane?

back 68

aquaporins

front 69

Halophiles must have_______NaCl levels to grow.

back 69

10%-20%

front 70

________kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object.

back 70

Sterilization

front 71

_________removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces.

back 71

disinfection

front 72

___________removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

back 72

Antisepsis

front 73

Oxygen exposure will kill________

back 73

Strict anaerobes

front 74

Microbes can develop resistance to chemical control agents if_____________.

back 74

low concentrations of the chemical are applied to reduce the number of microbes below target number.

front 75

Chemical disinfectants are intended for_____________.

back 75

non-living surfaces, and can damage macromolecules in a microbial cell.

front 76

Barophilic prokaryotes are found primarily_____________.

back 76

deep in the ocean.

front 77

An organism that grows best at high osmolarity is called____________.

back 77

a halophile.

front 78

An organism that grows best in cold environments is called____________.

back 78

a psychrophile

front 79

In__________water will flow out of the bacteria by osmosis. This will decrease cell volume.

back 79

a hypertonic solution

front 80

In__________water will flow into a bacterium by osmosis.

back 80

a hypotonic solution

front 81

In an_________ the bacterium is at water equilibrium with its environment.

back 81

an isotonic solution

front 82

What explains why the death of microbes follows a negative exponential curve?

back 82

The cells accumulate random lethal hits to essential proteins or genes at a specific rate.

front 83

A steam autoclave attempts to kill bacteria through a combination of____________.

back 83

high temperature and high pressure.

front 84

Aerobes may tolerate the presence of oxygen because they have the enzyme____________.

back 84

superoxide dismutase

front 85

Pasteurization limits microbial numbers through_____________.

back 85

high heat.

front 86

Which of the following adaptations is most important in helping microbes be successful in an extreme environment such as a very low pH that would harm normal microbes?

back 86

Altered proteins to allow them to function better in that environment

front 87

An organism growing in hot sulfur springs is often also_______.

back 87

An acidophile.

front 88

What protein characteristic would be best for psychrophilic microbes?

back 88

flexibility

front 89

Which of the following is used as the standard for pasteurization, and why is it used as the standard?

back 89

The ability to kill Coxiella burnetii since it is the most heat-resistant pathogen that doesn't form spores.

front 90

Hydrogen peroxide used as a 6% solution is used to clean wounds on skin as a(n) __________, and it is also used as a stronger solution (>30%) as a(n) __________.

back 90

antiseptic; disinfectant

front 91

Proteins have optima for___________.

back 91

temperature, pH, and osmolarity

front 92

What are the function(s) of the viral capsid.

back 92

It determines the shape of the virion, and protects the viral genome.

front 93

The viral capsid is comprised of_____________.

back 93

proteins

front 94

Viroids lack________

back 94

proteins

front 95

What are viroids?

back 95

Naked nucleic acids, usually RNA, devoid of a protein capsid. Some plant viroids are ribozymes, capable of catalytic action.

front 96

What are capsids?

back 96

protein shells that surround the viral genome.

front 97

Which viral genome is likely to require an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for transciption upon viral entry?

back 97

(–) sense single-stranded RNA

front 98

Reverse transcriptase catalyzes _____ production from a _____ template.

back 98

DNA; RNA

front 99

Control sequences in DNA do not code for proteins, but rather they___________.

back 99

Serve to regulate gene function

front 100

The replication of the circular prokaryotic chromosome utilizes two replisomes each of which contains___________.

back 100

2 DNA polymerase molecules, a DNA primase, & a DNA helicase.

front 101

The replication of the circular prokaryotic chromosome results in_________which must be resolved to form two separate chromosomes.

back 101

catenane formation

front 102

The lagging strand is synthesized______, and the leading strand is synthesized______.

back 102

5’ to 3’, 5’ to 3’

front 103

The replication of the circular prokaryotic chromosome requires the activity of__________.

back 103

RNase H, replacement with DNA, and DNA ligase activity.

front 104

_____________form the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA.

back 104

Phosphodiester bonds

front 105

T/F: The 5’ phosphate at the end of one strand will be directly opposite to the 3’ hydroxyl (‐OH) end of the complimentary
strand.

back 105

True

front 106

T/F: One strand of DNA contains purine bases that hydrogen bond to the complimentary strand containing pyrimidine bases.

back 106

False

front 107

_____exists as a single strand that may complimentary base pair with itself to form different structures.

back 107

RNA

front 108

T/F: The stability of DNA is much greater than that of RNA.

back 108

True

front 109

Plasmids of high copy number are_____likely to be passed on to daughter cells following cell division.

back 109

less

front 110

_______typically carry hundreds of genes, usually of multiple metabolic pathways.

back 110

Plasmids

front 111

The presence of_______is usually not a factor that affects the ability of a cell to maintain a plasmid.

back 111

selective pressure

front 112

List things required for prokaryotic transcription?

back 112

sigma factor,

core RNA polymerase,

promoter

front 113

What can cause transcription to end?

back 113

no data

front 114

What is the importance of the stop codon UAG?

back 114

It tells the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA.

front 115

The __________ of transcription and translation helps microbes rapidly adjust gene expression to changes in their
environment.

back 115

coupling

front 116

After __________, each polypeptide must be properly folded and placed at the correct cellular or extracellular location.

back 116

translation

front 117

T/F: The DNA that comprises prokaryotic genomes has been acquired solely from prior generations.

back 117

False

front 118

The presence of competence factors, the formation of translocasomes in the cell membrane, and the presence of extracellular DNA all indicate_________.

back 118

the cell is ready to carry out transformation.

front 119

An______is capable of transferring a portion of the chromosome during conjugation.

back 119

Hfr strain

front 120

Regarding conjugation an Hfr strain has an______integrated in its chromosome.

back 120

F factor

front 121

Conjugation requires physical contact between cells via the formation of a______.

back 121

sex pilus

front 122

Bacterium X has acquired an F prime factor from bacterium Y via conjugation. This means that_________.

back 122

bacterium X has acquired a gene or genes from the chromosome of bacterium Y

front 123

T/F: In the mechanism of general transduction, only few specific genes from a bacterial chromosome may be passed one from one cell to another via a bacteriophage.

back 123

False

front 124

E________can occur between a cell’s chromosome and DNA acquired via conjugation, transduction, or transformation.

back 124

Recombination

front 125

Recombination requires_______to scan for homology between the chromosome and acquired DNA.

back 125

RecA protein

front 126

Recombination results in the formation of_________.

back 126

Holiday structures.

front 127

What typically results in an increase in the size of the chromosome?

back 127

recombination

front 128

What can integrate into different regions of the same chromosome or into a different chromosome?

back 128

transposable elements

front 129

What has a gene that codes for a transposase enzyme that facilitates transfer of the segment.

back 129

transposable elements

front 130

________may be replicated and the copy integrated elsewhere, or it may excise altogether and “jump” to a new location.

back 130

transposable elements

front 131

________are flanked by inverted repeat sequences.

back 131

transposable elements

front 132

Define transposable elements

back 132

DNA segments that are mobile. They can replicate and insert copies at sites within the same or a different chromosome. They can therefore alter the genetic constitution of an organism.

front 133

What is the process that turns off the transcription of a gene or genes?

back 133

Repression

front 134

What uses the Z pathway?

back 134

Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts

front 135

Define photolysis

back 135

The decomposition or separation of molecules by the action of light.

front 136

What are Halobacterium?

back 136

Archaea that live in high salt environments.

front 137

What are Bacteriorhodopsin?

back 137

Protein used by Archaea, most notably by Halobacteria, that acts as a proton pump which captures light energy and uses it to move protons across the membrane out of the cell.

front 138

Sensory rhodopsin direct the cell toward_____and away from______.

back 138

orange light;blue or ultraviolet light

front 139

Nitrifiers do what?

back 139

Oxidize ammonia, generationg nitrates, nitrites, which are converted to acids.

front 140

Sulfolobus are archaea that oxidize______to______.

back 140

H2S; Sulfuric acid

front 141

Hydrogenotrophy is when__________.

back 141

Hydrogen is used as the ETS e- donor. Used by heterotrophs and lithotrophs.

front 142

Chlorophylls of plants_____green light while bacteriochlorophylls_____green light with carotenoid pigments.

back 142

reflect;absorb

front 143

Light capture maximized by arranging chlorophyll molecules into__________.

back 143

antenna complexes

front 144

A_________is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

back 144

thylakoid

front 145

List required macronutrients.

back 145

C,H,O,N,P,S

front 146

List required micronutrients.

back 146

Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Z

front 147

________is growth of a pure culture.

back 147

Axenic growth

front 148

What are prototrophic bacteria?

back 148

Wild type strain, not requiring specific nutritional substances for normal metabolism and reproduction

front 149

What are Auxotrophic bacteria?

back 149

a mutant that requires a particular additional nutrient that the wild type does not.

front 150

What is cellular communication based on cell density and nutrients.

back 150

Quorum sensing

front 151

_______is the destruction of all cells, viruses, and spores.

back 151

Sterilization

front 152

_______is the reduction of pathogen numbers for inanimate objects.

back 152

Disinfection

front 153

_________is the reduction of pathogen numbers for living tissues.

back 153

Antisepsis

front 154

______is basic hygenic practices.

back 154

Sanitation

front 155

Define bacteriostatic

back 155

Growth inhibitory

front 156

Define bacteriocidal

back 156

killing of cells, cells remain intact.

front 157

Define bacteriolytic.

back 157

Killing of cells, cells are lysed, destroyed.