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3. Urinary System - The Nephron

front 1

The Nephron

back 1

  • Functional unit of the kidney
  • Microscopic structure composed of blood vessels and tubules that collect the filtrate which will ultimately become urine

front 2

Afferent arteriole

back 2

  • Present in each nephron
  • Divides into a tangled, ball shaped capillary network called the glomerulus

front 3

Glomerulus

back 3

  • Capillary network originating from the afferent arteriole that reunite to form an efferent arteriole

front 4

Efferent arteriole

back 4

  • Present in each nephron
  • Formed by glomerular capillaries
  • Carries blood out of the glomerulus

front 5

Why are Glomerular capillaries unique

back 5

Positioned between two arteriole instead of an arteriole and a venule

front 6

Structure of Renal Corpuscle

back 6

  • Glomerular capillaries
  • Glomerular Capsule

front 7

Glomerular Capsule

back 7

  • A double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

front 8

Festrations

back 8

  • Pores located in the epithelium of the renal corpuscle
  • Act as a filtration membrane

front 9

Capsular space

back 9

  • Space between the two layers of the glomerular capsule
  • Receives fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries
  • The lumen of the urinary tube

front 10

Blood is filtered through the glomerular capillaries into the____

back 10

Glomerular capsule

front 11

Filtered fluid passes into the renal tubule, which has what 3 sections

back 11

  • The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT
  • The loop of Henle
  • The distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

front 12

Collecting duct

back 12

  • Collects fluid from the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons
  • Unite and converge into large papillary ducts

front 13

Papillary ducts

back 13

  • Collecting ducts unite and converge to form these ducts
  • drains into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters

front 14

Cortical nephron

back 14

  • Nephrons with short loops of Henle
  • Make up 80-85% of the 1 million microscopic nephrons in each kidney

front 15

Where do renal corpuscles lie in cortical nephrons

back 15

  • Renal corpuscles are located in the outer portion of the cortex
  • Short henle loops that penetrate only a small way into the medulla

front 16

Where do cortical nephrons receive their blood supply

back 16

Blood supply comes from peritublar capillaries that arise from efferent arterioles

front 17

Juxtamedullary nephron

back 17

  • Nephrons with long loops on Henle
  • Make up 15-20% of the nephrons
  • Enable the kidneys to create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla and to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine

front 18

Where do renal corpuscles lie in juxtamedullary nephrons

back 18

  • Renal corpuscles lie deep in the cortex, close to the medulla
  • Long loops that extend into the deepest region

front 19

Where do juxtamedullary nephrons receive their blood supply

back 19

Blood supply comes from the vasa recta that arise from peritubular capillaries before becoming peritubular venules

front 20

Peritubular capillaries

back 20

  • Arise from efferent arterioles
  • Provide Cortical nephrons (short loops) with blood supply

front 21

Flow of fluid through a cortical nephron

back 21

  • Glomerular capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Descending limb of the nephron loop
  • Ascending limb of the nephron loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule (drains into collecting duct)

front 22

Macula densa

back 22

  • An area of closely packed columnar tubule cells lining the wall of the distal tubule
  • Located where the final part of the loop of Henle makes contact with the afferent arteriole serving that renal corpuscle.

front 23

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

back 23

  • Line the wall of the afferent arteriole alongside the macula densa
  • Contains modified smooth muscle fibers

front 24

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

back 24

Structure formed by the Macula Densa and the juxtaglomerular cells

front 25

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

back 25

To regulate blood pressure within the kidneys

front 26

3 basic functions performed by nephrons and collecting ducts

back 26

  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion

front 27

Glomerular filtration

back 27

Water and solutes in blood move across the wall of glomerular capillaries, where they are filtered and move into the capsule then tubule

front 28

Tubular reabsorption

back 28

The process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the blood

front 29

Tubular secretion

back 29

The movement of waste materials from the tubule to the filtrate