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5. Digestive system - Small Intestine

front 1

Small intestine location

back 1

  • begins at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach
  • coils through the abdominal cavity
  • opens into large intestine
  • 10 ft long

front 2

Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur

back 2

Small intestine

front 3

Regions of small intestine

back 3

  • Duodenum (10 in)
  • Jejunum (3 ft)
  • Ileum (6 ft)

front 4

Layers of small intestine

back 4

  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa-visceral

front 5

Mucosa - Sm Intestine

back 5

  • Absorptive and mucous-secreting goblet cells
  • Intestinal glands (secrete intestinal juice)
  • endocrine cells
  • Lymph tissue

front 6

Submucosa - Sm Intestine

back 6

Duodenal glands

  • secrete mucus
  • neutralizes gastric acids

front 7

Muscularis - Sm Intestine

back 7

Two layers of smooth muscle

front 8

Serosa - Sm Intestine

back 8

Visceral peritoneum

front 9

Plicae Circulares

back 9

Permanent ridges of the small intestines mucosa and submucosa

  • encourages turbulent flow of chyme
  • increases the surface area for absorption

front 10

Villi

back 10

Finger like projections of the small intestines mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

  • Each villus contains a capillary network where nutrients are absorbed and can enter the blood or lymphatic system

front 11

Microvilli

back 11

  • Projections of the apical membrane of the absorptive cells
  • Appear in microscope as a fuzzy line called the brush border
  • contributes to increase surface area

front 12

What contributes to the surface area of the small intestine allowing for maximum reabsorption of nutrients

back 12

  • plicae circulares
  • villi
  • microvilli

front 13

What are the end products of protein digestion

back 13

  • Amino acids
  • Dipeptides
  • Tripeptides

(Brush Border enzymes)

front 14

Mechanical digestion - Sm Intestine

back 14

Two types of movement:

  • Segmentations
  • Migrating motility complexes

front 15

Segmentations

back 15

A type of movement during mechanical digestion used to mix chime and bring it in contact with the mucosa for absorption

front 16

Migrating motility complexes

back 16

A type of movement during mechanical digestion that occur after absorption and pushes chime toward the large intestine

front 17

Chemical digestion - Sm Intestine

back 17

Begins with Cyme entering the small intestine to begin the process of digesting materials

front 18

Chyme

back 18

Substance that passes from stomach to small intestine that contains partially digested carbs, proteins and lipids

front 19

Digestion in the small intestine is dependent on which materials being digested

back 19

  • Carbs
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids

front 20

How are carbs broken down in the small intestine

back 20

Brush border enzymes break them down into monosaccharides

front 21

How are proteins broken down in the small intestine

back 21

They are broken down along the brush border by two peptidases:

  • Aminopeptidase
  • Dipeptidase

front 22

How are lipids broken down in the small intestine

back 22

  • They are digested by enzymes called lipases
  • Undergo emulsification by bile salts

front 23

How are nucleic acids broken down in the small intestine

back 23

They are digested by pancreatic juices and brush border enzymes

front 24

What is absorbed in the small intestine

back 24

  • 90% of all intestinal absorption
  • Proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids and sugars
  • Dietary lipids
  • Water
  • Fats

front 25

How are proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids and sugars absorbed in the small intestine

back 25

Absorbed into the blood capillaries by facilitated diffusion or active transport

front 26

How are dietary lipids absorbed in the small intestine

back 26

Absorbed via simple diffusion

front 27

How is water absorbed in the small intestine

back 27

Absorbed via osmosis

front 28

How are fats absorbed in the small intestine

back 28

Aggregate into globules called chylomicrons

front 29

Chylomicrons

back 29

Too large for diffusion into blood capillaries, enter specialized lymphatic vessels called lacteals and eventually mix with blood