front 1 The main site of gas exchange is the A) Alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) alveolar duct D) respiratory bronchiole | back 1 B |
front 2 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to A) secrete surfactant B) trap dust and other debris C) replace mucus in the alveoli D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion | back 2 A |
front 3 Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure | back 3 B |
front 4 The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by A) Boyle's law B) Henry's law C) Charles' law D) Dalton's law | back 4 A |
front 5 The statement " in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphases A) Henry's law B) Boyle's law C) Dalton's law D) Charles' law | back 5 C |
front 6 Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variation | back 6 C |
front 7 With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond | back 7 B |
front 8 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) acidosis D) alkalosis | back 8 B |
front 9 The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) ventilation-perfusion coupling | back 9 D |
front 10 which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A) pulmonary ventilation B) blood pH adjustment C) internal respiration D) external respiration | back 10 B |
front 11 The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called A) reserve air B) expiratory capacity C) inspiratory reserve D) vital capacity | back 11 C |
front 12 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) active transport | back 12 B |
front 13 The urinary bladder is composed of _____ epitheilum A) Transitional B) simple squamous C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified squamous | back 13 A |
front 14 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it A) ensure adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney | back 14 B |
front 15 The renal corpuscle is made up of A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending nephron loop C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla | back 15 A |
front 16 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the A) nephron B) nephron loop C) glomerular capsule D) capsular space | back 16 A |
front 17 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is A) the ionic electrochemical gradient B) protein- regulated diffusion C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries | back 17 C |
front 18 Alcohol acts as diuretic because it A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cell B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH D) inhibits the release of ADH | back 18 D |
front 19 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6 collecting ducts A) 3,1,2,6,5,4 B) 6,3,2,1,5,4 C) 2.1.3.6.5.4 D) 3,6,2,1,5,4 | back 19 D |
front 20 Functions of the urinary system include A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions C) helping to stabilize blood pH D) conservation of valuable nurtrients E) all of the answers are correct | back 20 E |
front 21 A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle C) the source of erthropoietin D) attached to the collecting duct E) the horseshoe- shaped segment of the nephron | back 21 B |
front 22 Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) blood vessels B) lymphatics C) the ureters D) the urethra E) the calyces | back 22 C |
front 23 All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule C) located partly within the pelvic cavity D) held in place by the renal fascia E) covered by peritoneum | back 23 C |
front 24 The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) calyx B) pelvis C) ureter D) hilum E) pyramid | back 24 D |
front 25 The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla B) renal pelvis C) renal medulla D) renal cortex E) renal sinus | back 25 B |
front 26 Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) pyramids B) renal columns C) renal pelvises D) nephron E) calyces | back 26 A |
front 27 Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole B) efferent arteriole C) vasa recta D) interlobular arteriole E) renal vein | back 27 B |
front 28 Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) proximal capillaries B) corticoradiate capillaries C) vasa recta capillaries D) efferent arterioles E) perittubular capillaries | back 28 E |
front 29 The filtration of plasma takes place in the A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter | back 29 D |
front 30 Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) nephron loop B) proximal convoluted tubule C) distal convoluted tubule D) collecting duct E) minor calyx | back 30 B |
front 31 The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop B) proximal convoluted tubule C) Distal convoluted tubule D) papillary tubule E) calyx | back 31 C |
front 32 Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by A) blood pressure B) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma C) constriction of the efferent arteriole D) protein in the filtrate E) filtrate in the capsular space | back 32 B |
front 33 The main force that caues filtration in a nephron is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure C) osmotic pressure of the urine D) capsular hydrostatic pressure E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood | back 33 B |
front 34 The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) calcium ions B) potassium ions C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions | back 34 D |
front 35 Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone B) erthropoietin C) aldosterone D) renin | back 35 C |
front 36 Respiratory acidosis can occur when A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C) a runner has completed a very long marathon D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions | back 36 B |
front 37 Total body water percent is not a function of which of the following? A) age B) body mass C) amount of body fat D) amount of water ingested | back 37 D |
front 38 which of the following is describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) equal amounts of each ions in the cells and body fluids D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids | back 38 A |
front 39 A failing blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis | back 39 A |
front 40 the movement of fluids between cellular compartments A) requires active transport B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces C) requires ATP for the transport to take place D) involves filtration | back 40 B |
front 41 Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) protein | back 41 C |
front 42 Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) aldosterone B) progesterone C) antidiurectic hormone D) atrial natriuretic peptide | back 42 C |
front 43 A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high pH value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis | back 43 C |
front 44 Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly, Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis | back 44 B |
front 45 The most import force causing water flow across capillary wall is A) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure | back 45 B |
front 46 The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play? A) they contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens B) they regulate the temperature of the testes C) they are responsible for penile erection D) they contract to allow ejaculation | back 46 B |
front 47 Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen? A) the seminal vesicles B) the bulbourethral glands C) the prostate D) the pituitary | back 47 A |
front 48 How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth? A) they move close to the pelvic cavity B) they move away from the pelvic cavity C) excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum D) excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm | back 48 B |
front 49 A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause A) decreased testosterone B) excessive beard growth C) increased spermatogenesis D) shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland | back 49 A |
front 50 The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the A) spermatocytes B) spermatogonia C) sustentocytes D) interstitial cells | back 50 C |
front 51 The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? A) epididymis B) urethra C) ductus deferens D) corpus spongiosum | back 51 D |
front 52 The reproductive system A) produces gametes B) stores gametes C) transport gametes D) nourishes gametes E) all of the answers are correct | back 52 E |
front 53 Arrange the 4 structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus. 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis A) 1,3,4,2 B) 4,3,1,2 C) 4,1,2,3 D) 4,1,3,2 E) 1,4,3,2 | back 53 C |
front 54 The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the A) ductus deferens (vas deferens) B) epididymis C) seminal gland (seminal vesicle) D) ejaculatory duct E) corpus cavernosum | back 54 A |
front 55 The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis is called the A) median raphe B) spermatic cord C) tunica albuginea D) dartos E) epididymus | back 55 C |
front 56 Sperm production occurs in the A) ductus deferens B) seminiferous tubules C) epididymis D) seminal glands (seminal vesicles) E) rete testis | back 56 B |
front 57 The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the A) seminal gland (seminal vesicle) B) bulbourethral gland C) prostate gland D) preputial gland E) Bartholin's gland | back 57 C |
front 58 The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the A) ejaculatory duct B) prepuce C) corpus cavernosum D) corpus spongiosum E) penile urethra | back 58 B |
front 59 The primary function of the uterus is to A) protect the ovaries B) synthesize female hormones C) regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles D) receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum | back 59 D |
front 60 The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, the providing a site for fertilization, are called the A) Graafian follicles B) fallopian tubes C) infundibula D) fimbriae | back 60 B |
front 61 Human egg and sperm are similar in that A) about the same number of each is produced per month B) they have the same degree of motility C) they have the same number of chromosomes D) they are about the same size | back 61 C |
front 62 which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? A) labia majora B) labia minora C) clitoris D) vagina | back 62 A |
front 63 Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina? A) serves as a passageway fro the primary oocyte B) serves as a passageway for menstrual flow C) serves as the birth canal D) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse | back 63 A |
front 64 Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur? A) LH B) FSH C) progesterone D) estrogen | back 64 A |
front 65 which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? A) the ampulla is the narrow constricted region B) the infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary C) the isthmus is the normal site of fertilization D) the mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length | back 65 B |
front 66 The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called A) mitosis B) meiosis C) maturation D) capactiation E) fertilization | back 66 B |
front 67 The inferior one-third portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the A) isthmus B) fornix C) fundus D) body E) cervis | back 67 E |
front 68 The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the A) endometrium B) perimetrium C) myometrium D) uterometrium E) sacrometrium | back 68 C |
front 69 The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is the A) uterosacral ligament B) vagina C) uterine (fallopian) tube D) infundibulum E) myometrium | back 69 C |
front 70 The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the A) vagina B) uterine tube C) ovary D) uterus E) cervis | back 70 D |
front 71 The average length of the menstrual cycle is ___ days A) 16 B) 19 C) 21 D) 28 E) 35 | back 71 D |
front 72 The vagina is A) lined by simple columnar epithelium rich in goblet cells B) similar to the inner of the uterus C) another term for the cervis D) a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia E) a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the anus | back 72 D |
front 73 The vulva includes all of the following except the A) mons pubis B) vagina C) labia minora D) ciltoris E) labia majora | back 73 B |
front 74 Fatty folds of the skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibule are the A) fornices B) ampullae C) labia majora D) mons pubis E) vestibular arches | back 74 C |
front 75 ___ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) hormones B) neuropeptides C) neurotransmitters D) humoral antibodies E) antigens | back 75 A |
front 76 The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ______ organ A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic | back 76 A |
front 77 Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. these categories include A) peptides B) steroids C) eicosanoids D) amino acid derivatives E) all of the answers are correct | back 77 E |
front 78 All target cells A) have hormone receptors B) respond to electrical signals C) secrete hormones D) produce their own hormones E) are in the blood | back 78 A |
front 79 The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys C) decrease blood pressure D) delay urination | back 79 B |
front 80 The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH B) TSH C) ACTH D) ADH E) MSH | back 80 D |
front 81 Which of the following is a function of the blood? A) transport of nutrients and wastes B) transport body heat C) transport of gases D) defense against toxin and pathogens E) all of the answers are correct | back 81 E |
front 82 The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are A) globulins B) transport proteins C) albumin D) lipoproteins E) fibrinogens | back 82 C |
front 83 The average life span of a red blood cell is A) 24 hours B) 1 month C) 4 months D) about 1 year E) many years | back 83 C |
front 84 Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of A) magnesium B) calcium C) iron D) sodium E) copper | back 84 C |
front 85 All of the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the A) heart B) thymus C) spleen D) red bone marrow E) lymph tissue | back 85 D |
front 86 In adults, erthropoiesis exclusively takes place in A) the liver B) yellow bone marrow C) red bone marrow D) the spleen E) lymphoid tissue | back 86 C |
front 87 The process of red blood cell production is called A) erythrocytosis B) erythropenia C) hemocytosis D) erythropoiesis E) hematopenia | back 87 D |
front 88 Artery is to _____ as vein is to _____ A) efferent, afferent B) afferent, efferent C) toward, away D) afferent, away E) efferent, away | back 88 A |
front 89 Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the A) aortic valve B) pulmonary valve C) mitral valve D) tricuspid valve E) bicuspid valve | back 89 B |
front 90 Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the A) right atrium B) right ventricle C) left atrium D) let ventricle E) conus arteriosus | back 90 A |
front 91 Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enter the A) right atrium B) right ventricle C) left atrium D) left ventricle | back 91 C |
front 92 In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea called the A) pleural space B) pericardial space C) mediastinum D) cardiac notch E) ventral cavity | back 92 C |
front 93 The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to A) papillary muscles B) trabeculae carneae C) chordea tenineae D) interatrial septa E) coronary sulci | back 93 C |
front 94 The left ventricle pumps blood to the A) lungs B) right ventricle C) right atrium D) aorta E) pulmonary circuit | back 94 D |
front 95 blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ____ valve A) mitral B) bicuspid C) tricuspid D) pulmonary semilunar E) aortic semilunar | back 95 C |
front 96 The _____ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium A) semicaval B) semilunar C) bicuspid D) tricuspid E) pulmonic | back 96 C |
front 97 The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heat. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins A) 1,2,7,8,3,4,6,5 B) 1,7,3,8,2,4,6,5 C) 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6 D) 5,3,1,7,8,4,2,6 E) 5,1,3,8,7,2,4,6 | back 97 C |
front 98 The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart 1. purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is A) 1,4,3,2,5, B) 3,2,4,5,1 C) 3,5,4,2,1 D) 4,3,2,5,1 E) 4,2,3,5,1 | back 98 D |
front 99 Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the A) p wave B) T wave C) S wave D) QRS complex E) PR complex | back 99 D |
front 100 The T wave on an ECG tracing represents A) atrial depolarization B) atrial repolarization C) ventricular depoloarization D) ventricular repolarization E) ventricular contraction | back 100 D |
front 101 With each ventricular systole A) blood pressure remains steady B) the ventricles fill with blood C) blood pressure decreases D) cardiac output decreases E) blood pressure increases | back 101 E |
front 102 After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins | back 102 D |
front 103 what is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteriers 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries A) 6,5,1,3,2,7,4 B) 4,7,2,3,1,5,6 C) 7,4,2,3,1,5,6 D) 5,6,1,3,2,7,4 E) 2,7,6,3,1,5,6 | back 103 B |
front 104 Blood pressure is lowest in the A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins | back 104 E |
front 105 Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A) blood viscosity B) turbulence C) vascular resistance D) vessel diameter E) all of the answers are correct | back 105 E |
front 106 The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the____ cells A) b B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T | back 106 D |
front 107 Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the A) circulation B) thymus C) red bone marrow D) spleen E) yellow bone marrow | back 107 C |
front 108 Inflammation produces localized A) swelling B) redness C) heat D) pain E) all of the answers are correct | back 108 E |
front 109 Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called immunity A) active B) natural passive C) passive D) auto E) innnate | back 109 E |
front 110 Defense of body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) innate immunity B) adpative immunity C) immunological surveillance D) skin defenses E) fever | back 110 B |
front 111 The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. several cycle of mitosis occur 2. antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage 3. cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells 6. cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin A) 4,1,5,3,6,2 B) 2,4,1,5,3,6 C) 1,2,4,5,3,6 D) 3,2,4,1,5,6 E) 3,6,4,5,1,2 | back 111 B |