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LECTURE test 1 review bio 1406

front 1

A controlled experiment

back 1

Control group

front 2

A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a

back 2

A population

front 3

You find yourself standing next to a plant. List the things you and the plant have in common?

back 3

use oxygen and carbon to survive, are linear,

front 4

A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead. If so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are doing what part of the scientific process?

back 4

hypothesis

front 5

In the process of science, what do you test?

back 5

collected data

front 6

What four elements make up approximately 96 percent of living matter?

back 6

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

front 7

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates for normal thyroid function.

back 7

Iodine

front 8

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

back 8

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.

front 9

What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

back 9

a polar covalent bond

front 10

 Explain the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

back 10

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom.

front 11

Water molecules are attracted to one another by

back 11

Hydrogen Bond

front 12

How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

back 12

a single covalent bond has 2 atoms which hold 1 electron each atom

2

front 13

An carbon atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming?

back 13

single, double, or triple

front 14

When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?

back 14

a nonpolar covalent bond

front 15

In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

back 15

a polar covalent bond

front 16

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

back 16

a hydrogen bond

front 17

Explain why does water display a partial negative charge?

back 17

electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus.

front 18

To act as an effective coolant in a car's radiator, a substance has to have the capacity to absorb a great deal of heat. You have a reference book with tables listing the physical properties of many liquids. In choosing a coolant for your car, which table would you check first?

back 18

specific heat

front 19

Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water?

back 19

A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.

front 20

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

back 20

nonpolar substances that repel water molecules

front 21

Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize into a gas?

back 21

hydrogen bonds

front 22

Label the below diagram: water, oxygen, hydrogen, partial negative charge, partial positive charge, solute

back 22

hydrogen oxygen na- the rest is positively charged

front 23

How would you bring an acidic solution to neutral?

back 23

you have a weak acid or a weak base half ionized in water

front 24

Why are molecules considered organic?

back 24

Organic molecules exist in all living things

front 25

What types of covalent bonds can carbon form?

back 25

carbon-carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds

front 26

Why is carbon so important in biology?

back 26

It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups

front 27

The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to

back 27

the chemical versatility of carbon atoms

front 28

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

back 28

covalent

front 29

The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. They both have the molecular formula C6H12O6, but how do they differ.

back 29

structural isomers

front 30

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? Draw these functional groups.

back 30

carboxyl and amino

front 31

Which class of organic molecules does NOT include polymers?

back 31

Lipids

front 32

List all polymers discussed in class and the group in which they belong.

back 32

1.carbohydrates,
2.lipids,
3.proteins, and
4.nucleic acids.

Monomers are the smaller part of the macromolecules (polymers=many chained together).
•Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water.
•Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water.
•These reactions are mediated by enzymes, specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells.

front 33

Contrast dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

back 33

Dehydration means to take water out.

Hydrolysis is the separation of two macromolecules by adding water.

front 34

Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi?

back 34

Chitin

front 35

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6Â would be considered a what?

back 35

glucose

carbohydrate and monosaccharide only

front 36

List all things lactose can be considered.

back 36

as a disaccharide

front 37

 In what types of organisms are starch and cellulose found? What is their function?

back 37

They are both polymers of glucose

front 38

List the types of covalent bonds discussed in class and the organic group in which they belong.

back 38

no data

front 39

Phospholipids and triglycerides both

back 39

lipids

front 40

Describe how the structure of phospholipids interacts with water molecules.

back 40

no data

front 41

Explain why chemically vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature while animal fats are solid.

back 41

no data

front 42

Contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

back 42

no data

front 43

List terms that describe how lipids behave in water.

back 43

no data

front 44

What are the monomers of proteins?

back 44

Nucleotides

front 45

List the components of an amino acid.

back 45

Components: amino, carboxyl, H, R (variable) group
Side chain classes: nonpolar, polar, acidic, basic

front 46

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

back 46

no data

front 47

Describe how protein structure and function are correlated? How can the structure of a protein be altered?

back 47

no data

front 48

List the examples of proteins and lipids discussed in class.

back 48

no data

front 49

Discuss the levels of protein structure folding.

back 49

primary structurelinear aequence of amino acids

secondary structurealpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hudrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

tertiary structure3d shape formed by interactions between r groups

quaternary structureassociation of multiple polypeptides

front 50

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

back 50

nucleotides

ribonucleotide

Deoxyribonucleotide

front 51

List the purine nucleotides.

back 51

nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine

front 52

List the pyrimidine nucleotides.

back 52

nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil

front 53

List the components of a nucleotide?

back 53

A sugar (called deoxyribose)

A Phosphate (1 phosphorus atom joined to 4 oxygen atoms)

One of 4 bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine)

front 54

What is the primary functions of RNA?

back 54

1. Messanger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

front 55

When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid what bonds are formed

back 55

a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second

front 56

Contrast DNA and RNA.

back 56

While the sugar present in a RNA molecule is ribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA is deoxyribose

front 57

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases, ATTGCA, the other complementary strand would have the sequence

back 57

TAACGT

front 58

A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is

back 58

Phospholipids

front 59

You now know that the old cliché "oil and water don't mix" is true. Why?

back 59

Water exhibits polarity and oil does not.

front 60

If you eat a hamburger, you are mainly eating ground-up beef muscle tissue. What levels of organization are represented in this ground-up muscle?

back 60

Organelle, cell, and tissue

front 61

If you change the number of neutrons in an atom, you create

back 61

an isotope

front 62

Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are

back 62

nonpolar covalent bonds

front 63

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when

back 63

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom.

front 64

Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with

back 64

compounds that have polar covalent bonds.

front 65

What can be attributed to water's high specific heat?

back 65

A lake heats up more slowly than the air around it.

front 66

Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?

back 66

hydrogen bonds

front 67

A strong acid like HCl dissociates

back 67

ionizes completely in an aqueous solution.

front 68

How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell?

back 68

4

front 69

How many molecules of water are used to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

back 69

10

front 70

Steroids are considered to be lipids because they

back 70

A family of lipids distinguished by a bulky four-ring structure

front 71

back 71

Monosaccharide Carbohydrate

front 72

back 72

Protein

front 73

back 73

Polysaccharides

front 74

back 74

triglyceride

front 75

back 75

Nucleotide

front 76

back 76

Lipid and Fatty acid

front 77

back 77

Amino Acid

front 78

back 78

Carbohydrate

front 79

back 79

Lipid and Fatty acid

front 80

back 80

Phospholipid

front 81

back 81

Carbohydrate

front 82

no data

back 82

Amino acid

front 83

back 83

Amino Acid

front 84

no data

back 84

lipid and fatty acid

front 85

back 85

no data

front 86

back 86

Nucleotide

front 87

back 87

no data

front 88

back 88

no data

front 89

back 89

no data