front 1 What makes fermentation different than cellular respiration? | back 1 What makes fermentation different is that it makes very little ATP without the use of oxygen. ATP is produced by glycolysis NAD+ is recycled from NADH as pyruvate is reduced to lactate or alcohol fermentation |
front 2 How can other biological molecules fuel cellular respiration? | back 2 Molecules can be converted into molecules that are part of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-coA from fats is the same so it can enter the citric acid cycle as well. |
front 3 How does cellular respiration add to the production of biological molecules? | back 3 Because it synthesizes ATP from chemioosmosis, H+ ions synthesizes water during the oxidative phosphorylation stage. |
front 4 What is the summary equation for photosynthesis? | back 4 Co2+H20 > C6H12O6+O2 |
front 5 Where in a plant does photosynthesis occur? | back 5 It occurs in the leaf of a plant in the chloroplasts. The light reactions stage occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplasts, and the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma. |
front 6 What reactant generates the O2? | back 6 NADPH |
front 7 Explain how photosynthesis involves oxidation and reduction. Is this similar to the redox process of cellular respiration? | back 7 In photosynthesis, the reduction are carbon dioxide and glucose. The oxidation is water and oxygen. The redox process for cellular respiration is that oxidation is glucose and carbon dioxide. The reduction is water and oxygen. So they are similar, but opposite of each other. |
front 8 What are the two stages of photosynthesis? What reactants and products are used or generated at each stage? | back 8 The first stage of photosynthesis is the light reactions stage. The reactant used in this stage is water, and the product is oxygen. The second stage is the Calvin cycle. The reactant used is carbon dioxide, and the product is glucose. |
front 9 What stage utilizes light energy? | back 9 Light reactions stage |
front 10 What molecules serve as electron carriers for photosynthesis? | back 10 The electrons from photosystem I gets his with light energy and gets captured by an electron carrier NADP+ and is reduced into NADPH. |
front 11 Explain photosystems I and II. Explain how the ATP is made. Why is ATP made during photosynthesis? | back 11 In the light reactions stage, photosystem II starts off with electrons getting hit with light energy, which makes them “excited” then they go through the electron transport chain which pushes H+ from low to high concentration. The pressure helps the H+ go through ATPsynthase enzyme and ATP is made. Then in photosystem I, the electrons get hit with even more light energy, and get captured by an electron carrier NADP+. It gets reduced and is NADPH. You’re now left with oxygen. NADPH and ATP go onto the Calvin cycle so that it can make G3P, the sugar that produces glucose. |
front 12 Compare how ATP is made in photosynthesis versus cellular respiration. | back 12 In cellular respiration, the electron carriers cash out the electrons in the electron transport chain. Then the H+ goes against the concentration and that pressure helps H+ go through chemioosmosis and as the H+ go into ATPsynthase the ADP grabs onto a phosphate and you have ATP. In photosynthesis, light energy is supposed to excite the electrons which help them move from low to high concentration. The pressure there helps the electrons go through ATPsynthase and the same process in cellular respiration occurs. |
front 13 Explain how the light energy is changed into chemical energy. | back 13 Electrons removed from water go to photosystem II to I and then are accepted by NADP+ Then the electron transport chain provides energy for the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis. |
front 14 What is the Calvin cycle? What role does it play in photosynthesis? | back 14 The Calvin cycle produces sugar within a chloroplast called G3P. This sugar molecule can be used to make glucose or other organic molecules. Rubisco combines with carbon dioxide and G3P and produces ATP. |
front 15 What are some adaptation plants that have acquired that change or alter the process of photosynthesis? | back 15 In hot climates, the stomata in plants will close to reduce water loss; this can still make sugar by photosynthesis. Some plants also use carbon fixation which saves water during photosynthesis. These are called C4 plants because they first fix carbon dioxide into a four carbon compound. (sugar cane or corn) CAM plants conserve water by opening up their stomata and using carbon dioxide only at night. When the carbon dioxide enters it is fixed into a 4 carbon compound and the carbon dioxide is banked releasing it into the Calvin cycle during the day (cacti and pineapple). |
front 16 How is photosynthesis related to global warming? | back 16 Greenhouse gases are increasing which leads to global warming. The rise of carbon dioxide is because of the burning or carbon-based fossil fuels. This can melt polar ice, change weather patterns, and spread of tropical disease. Photosynthesis can alleviate the increase of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere |
front 17 What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? What types of cells utilize each form of reproduction? | back 17 In asexual reproduction there is only one cell needed. It produces sameness (same cell for next generation). Copy and dividing and growth and repair. Undergoes mitosis. For sexual reproduction two cells are needed, sperm and eggs. It divides the genetic info in ½ so that it can make one whole. Undergoes meiosis. |
front 18 How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? | back 18 They only reproduce asexually using binary fisson. Duplication and separation of chromosomes. It continues to elongate and copies move, and then they split. |
front 19 Chromatin | back 19 The genetic info of the cell. It is made up of DNA and proteins called histomes. It’s a “form” that is unorganized. They duplicate into sister chromatids. |
front 20 Chromatids | back 20 Genetic info and copy. “Same generation.” Once they attach together the genetic material condenses during cell division so it can divide properly. It wraps around itself so that it can be a compact chromosome. |
front 21 Centromere | back 21 Where the two sister chromatids are joined in the middle. |
front 22 Centrosomes | back 22 Where the mitotic spindle comes from. It organizes microtubule arrangements. The spindle attaches to the kinectochore. |
front 23 Interphase: | back 23 This prepares cell division. In humans there are 46 chromosomes, so since its duplicating you are left with 92 chromatids. In this stage, the chromosomes duplicate. |
front 24 Prophase: | back 24 The genetic material starts to condense and the spindle starts to form. In this stage, the nuclear envelope starts to break down. |
front 25 Prometaphase: | back 25 This stage combines prophase and metaphase. The genetic material condenses even more and finishes condensing, so you are left with no nucleus. The spindle has reached the genetic material and grabs a hold of it. The spindle then connects to the entire sister chromatids in the kinectochore. |
front 26 Metaphase: | back 26 This is the phase where the entire sister chromatids align in the center of the cell. The cell is almost ready to split. In this stage, there are still 92 chromatids. |
front 27 Anaphase: | back 27 In this stage, the sister chromatids are separated by the mitotic spindle and start to come apart. When they split from their sister chromatids, they become chromosomes. This is when the chromosome # doubles. There are 0 chromatids and 92 chromosomes. |
front 28 Telophase | back 28 Spindle goes away and the new nucleus is formed. The genetic material starts to unravel and called chromatins again. The nuclear envelope also starts to form. |
front 29 What is one recognizable property of each of the stages? | back 29 Prophase: when the nuclear envelope starts to breakdown.
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front 30 How does cytokinesis differ for plant cells and animal cells? | back 30 In plant cells, the cell plate separates it. Material gets delivered in between one plant cell to make a new wall forming two cells. In an animal cell, the cleavage furrow is what indents the cells surface so that they can pinch off each other. |
front 31 What are some factors that affect cell division and how is cell division regulated? | back 31 Cell division is regulated by check points in the cell. Factors that affect cell division are presence of nutrients, growth factors, presence of other cells that cause density-dependent inhibition, and contact with a solid surface (anchorage dependence) Cells anchor to the dish surface and divide. When cells form a single layer, they stop dividing (density-dependent inhibition) if some cells are scraped away, the remaining cells divide to fill the dish with a single layer and then stop (density dependent) |
front 32 Understand which cells are haploid and diploid. Which are generated by mitosis and meiosis? | back 32 Diploid cells are two sets, one from sperm and one from egg. Then at the end of Meiosis you are left with four haploid cells. In diploid cells (2 sets = 2n), there are 46 chromosomes (1 set has 23) and in haploid cells one set has 23 chromosomes |
front 33 What are similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis? | back 33 In mitosis: two genetically identical cells are produced with the same chromosome number as the original cell it started with.
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front 34 Synapsis | back 34 In mitosis: two genetically identical cells are produced with the same chromosome number as the original cell it started with.
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front 35 Tetrad | back 35 A group of four chromatids of a homologous pair formed by synapsis. |
front 36 How is variety generated with meiosis? | back 36 In meiosis, two cells are used for cell division, sperm and eggs. And this is variety because genetic info is coming from two different sources. |
front 37 What are some errors than can occur as a result of meiosis? | back 37 When cancer cells are dividing rapidly. An extra copy of chromosome 21 can cause down syndrome, an abnormal chromosome can result in failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or from the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer, abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival, and new species can arise from errors in cell division. |
front 38 Fermentation | back 38 getting chemical energy without oxygen (2 ATP) |
front 39 anaerobic | back 39 no oxygen |
front 40 lactic acid fermentation | back 40 only in animals, not plants. instead of making pyruvate it makes lactate |
front 41 alcohol fermentation | back 41 makes ethanol (two carbons each, lose carbon from CO2) |
front 42 Depending what cell takes in determines: | back 42 where it starts |
front 43 Reactants for photosynthesis | back 43 CO2 and H2O |
front 44 Products for photosynthesis | back 44 C6H12O6 and O2 |
front 45 What does photosynthesis require so that the light energy can turn into chemical energy? | back 45 H2O |
front 46 What is used in the light reactions stage? | back 46 water and light |
front 47 Without this, the light reactions stage can't happen | back 47 H2o, chlorophyll, and light |
front 48 Where does the calvin cyle take place? | back 48 Stroma, fluid inside chloroplasts. |
front 49 What does the calvin cycle use to make sugar? | back 49 carbon dioxide |
front 50 What stage is ATP being used? | back 50 Calvin cycle |
front 51 What is the electron carrier? | back 51 NADPH |
front 52 What does glucose need in the calvin cycle?? | back 52 ATP |
front 53 How does the oxygen leave the cell? | back 53 Stoma |
front 54 Photons? | back 54 Light energy. The shorter the wavelength the greater the energy |
front 55 Carbon dioxide molecules are? | back 55 nonpolar |
front 56 Photosystem II | back 56 Proten in the membrane. The electrons get hit with light enery and they get excited. Then go through the electron transport chain and pushes H+ from love to high concentration. The pressure pushes the H+ into the ATPsynthase and ATP is made. |
front 57 Photosystem I | back 57 Electrons get hit with even more light and get captured by an electron carrier: NADPH. You're left with O2 and the NADPH and ATP move onto the calvin cycle into the stroma |
front 58 What is needed in the calvin cyle? | back 58 water |
front 59 What powers sugar synthesis? | back 59 co2, h2o, and nadph |
front 60 What is the three carbon sugar called? | back 60 g3p |
front 61 What is the starting material for the Calvin cycle | back 61 fivecarbon sugar named ribulose bisphosphate |
front 62 What helps the carbon fixation step? | back 62 The enzyme rubisco |
front 63 What does the calvin cycle require that gives off ATP? | back 63 three carbon molecules, NADPH and ATP |
front 64 What other process do plants undergo? | back 64 cellular respiration |
front 65 what is photorespiration? | back 65 When no ATP or g3p is made because the oxygen doesnt provide carbon dioxide. |
front 66 What is a c4 plant? | back 66 A plant that cannot do calvin cyle right away because the stomata is closed in light reactions stage. This happens in droughts. Uses most ATP |
front 67 What is a CAM plant? | back 67 Uses most ATP. Extreme daytime heat. Stomata opens at night and then undergoes calvin cycle. |
front 68 How to prokaryotes reproduce? | back 68 asexually |
front 69 Outcome of mitosis | back 69 two genetically identical cells with the same chromosome number as the original cell. Copies and divides into two cells. |
front 70 Outcome of meiosis | back 70 four genetically different cells with half the chromosome number of the original call. |
front 71 What stage do chromosomes duplicate? | back 71 interphase |
front 72 Why does chromatin condense? | back 72 So that it can be more mobile |
front 73 2n | back 73 two sets. 46 chromosomes 23 from both mom and dad. |
front 74 Goal of meiosis | back 74 start with two sets and end up with one. either a sperm or egg |
front 75 How many divisions are in mitosis? | back 75 One division (sister chromatids) |
front 76 How many divisions are in meiosis? | back 76 Two divisions (one to split up 2n to n and then the splitting of sister chromatids) |
front 77 What is a tetrad? | back 77 four chromosomes that come together. Is formed during prophase in meiosis I |
front 78 What are similarities between mitosis and meiosis? | back 78 They both have genetic info and both start as diploids |
front 79 What is unique to meiosis? | back 79 There are two divisions (duplications) the pair and then the sister chromatids split. |
front 80 When do the homologous pairs split? | back 80 Anaphase I of meiosis |
front 81 When does diploid change to haploid? | back 81 Telophase |
front 82 When do the sister chromatids split in meiosis? | back 82 Anaphase II |
front 83 During prometaphase in meiosis, what causes the variety? | back 83 when tetrads form because of synapsis |
front 84 How do chromosomes line up in the center during meiosis? | back 84 They are mixed, the do not line up in order. And when the chromosomes are split, it becomes a mixture of mom and dads chromosome in each cell. An example of this is how siblings do or dont look like each other. |
front 85 What is crossing over? | back 85 When genetic info is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. |
front 86 What is a karyotype? | back 86 A picture of chromosomes. This cannot happen in chromatin form , it must be condensed. Scientists stop the cell at metaphase and take/use white blood cells. Then they line them up and put them together. They look to see if they are complete with the right sizes and complete sets of two. |
front 87 What is non disjunction? | back 87 when homologous chromosomes dont have a perfect split, or dont split properly. Same with chromatids. Examples are not being able to seperate or genetic material wont split |
front 88 Trisomy 31? | back 88 three copies of the # 21 chromosome. This is down syndrome. "Got three from a non disfunction" |
front 89 XXY? | back 89 Male (sperm) |
front 90 XXX? | back 90 Female (egg) |
front 91 What are the errors of copying and dividing? | back 91 deletion, duplication, and inversion (flipping) |
front 92 What aligns in the center of the cell in meiosis during metaphase I? | back 92 homologous pairs |
front 93 What aligns in the center of the cell in meiosis during metaphase II? | back 93 sister chromatids |
front 94 In which meiosis phase does synapsis occur? | back 94 Meiosis I |