front 1 What are the three main distribution functions of blood? | back 1 Delivery of O2 (from lungs) and nutrients (digestive tract) to all body tissues Transport metabolic wastes from cells to lungs (CO2) or kidneys (urine) Transport hormones (from glands to target organ) |
front 2 What are the three regulatory functions of blood? | back 2 Regulate body temperature, pH balance, and fluid volume. |
front 3 How does blood help regulate body temperature? | back 3 Via absorption and distribution of heat |
front 4 How does blood help regulate pH balance? | back 4 RBC and other substances in plasma help to prevent sudden changes in pH. |
front 5 How does blood help regulate fluid volume? | back 5 Substances (such as Na+ and Cl-; proteins) help to retain water to maintain proper balance between blood volume and tissue cells. |
front 6 What are the protective functions of blood? | back 6 Protects against blood loss via clotting mechanisms Protects against infection via antibodies, WBC, and other immune proteins. |
front 7 What is the optimal pH range for blood? | back 7 Between 7.35-7.45 |
front 8 At what pH level does acidosis occur? | back 8 Below 7.35 |
front 9 At what pH level does alkalosis occur? | back 9 Above 7.45 |
front 10 How much does blood compose of the total body weight? | back 10 Approximately 8% |
front 11 What is the average volume of blood in the body? | back 11 Males: 5-6L Females: 4-5L |
front 12 What percentage does solvents compose in plasma composition? | back 12 90% water |
front 13 What are the dissolved solutes in plasma? | back 13 Nutrients, wastes, salts, respiratory gases and proteins. |
front 14 What proteins compose plasma? | back 14 Albumin (60%), Globulins (36%), Clotting Proteins (4%) |
front 15 What is the function of Albumin? | back 15 Transport lipids and is the main contributor of osmotic pressure. |
front 16 How much of plasma protein does Albumin account for? | back 16 Some 60% |
front 17 What is the function of globulins? | back 17 Transport lipids and are released during immune responses |
front 18 What are the functions of clotting proteins? | back 18 Forms fibrin threads of blood clots. |
front 19 What do the formed elements of blood consist of? | back 19 Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. |
front 20 Of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, which ones are true cells? | back 20 Only leukocytes. Erythrocytes lack a nucleus and platelets are cell fragments. |
front 21 Most types of formed elements survive in the bloodstream for how long? | back 21 Only a few days. |
front 22 Small cells, about 7.5 µm in diameter, biconcave discs with depressed centers | back 22 Erythrocytes |
front 23 Mature erythrocytes are anucleate (lack nucleus) and represent bags of ____? | back 23 hemoglobin. |
front 24 What percentage does hemoglobin make up an erythrocyte? | back 24 97% |
front 25 What is the purpose of erythrocytes? | back 25 They transport respiratory gases via hemoglobin (Hb) |
front 26 What is the structural composition of hemoglobin? | back 26 Red heme pigment bound to globular protein. Globin consists of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) with the heme pigment molecule located at the center. |
front 27 What does the heme molecule bind to? | back 27 Binds reversibly to oxygen molecules |
front 28 When oxygen binds to iron (heme molecule), the hemoglobin assumes a three-dimensional shape and becomes ruby red. This is called | back 28 oxyhemoglobin |
front 29 When oxygen detaches from iron and resumes its former shape. This occurs in body tissue. | back 29 Deoxyhemoglobin. |
front 30 About 20% of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin, but it binds to globin's amino acids instead of the heme group. This is called | back 30 Carbaminohemoglobin |
front 31 Blood cell formation is called | back 31 hematopoiesis |
front 32 Red blood cell formation is called | back 32 Erythropoiesis |
front 33 Where does erythropoiesis occur? | back 33 Largely in red marrow of bones (head of humerus, femur, sternum, and pelvin girdles) |
front 34 Precursor cells that reside in red bone marrow and give rise to erythrocytes | back 34 Hemocytoblasts (stem cells) |
front 35 How does red blood cell production occur? | back 35 Via hormonal control. The kidneys produce erythropoietin which stimulate production. |
front 36 What are the steps for EPO production? | back 36 1. Kidney cells become hypoxic (O2 availability is inadequate) 2. Increased EPO production circulates to red marrow 3. Increased RBC production |
front 37 What are the causes for hypoxia? | back 37 1. Exercise induced 2. Hemorrhage 3. High altitude 4. Respiratory distress (ex., pneumonia, emphysema) |
front 38 What controls the rate of erythopoiesis? | back 38 The ability to transport enough oxygen to meet tissue demands. |
front 39 What are the nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis? | back 39 Iron, B complex vitamins (B12, folic acid), amino acids |
front 40 What is the lifespan of new erythrocytes in the bloodstream? | back 40 100 to 120 days. |
front 41 Aged and damaged RBC are engulfed by what? | back 41 Macrophages in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. |
front 42 Abnormal excess of RBC which increases blood viscosity is called | back 42 Polycythemia |
front 43 Polycythemia vera results from | back 43 Bone marrow cancer |
front 44 Secondary polycythemia occurs if | back 44 There is a decrease is O2 in the atmosphere (as in high altitudes) or an increase in EPO (either naturally or artificially) |
front 45 A condition in which the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism | back 45 Anemia |
front 46 Hemorrhagic anemia results from | back 46 Blood loss |
front 47 Hemolytic anemia results from | back 47 Red blood cell rupture |
front 48 Iron-deficiency anemia results from | back 48 Hemorrhage (secondary result of) or low Fe (iron) in diet |
front 49 Pernicious anemia results from | back 49 Vitamin B12 deficiency (not absorbed in GI tract) |
front 50 Sickle-cell anemia results from | back 50 Genetically altered hemoglobin molecules create sickle-shaped RBCs under conditions of low oxygen availability. |
front 51 Thalassemia anemia results from | back 51 Genetically one hemoglobin chain is absent or faulty and causes RBCs to be thin and delicate. |
front 52 Aplastic anemia results from | back 52 Failure of RBC production. |
front 53 The only formed elements that are complete cells, with nuclei and the usual organelles; White blood cells | back 53 Leukocytes |
front 54 How much of total blood volume do leukocytes account for? | back 54 1%. |
front 55 Unlike RBC, WBCs are not confined to the bloodstream and are able to be transported across the body in a process called | back 55 Diapedesis |
front 56 What are the two major categories of leukocytes? | back 56 Granulocytes and agranulocytes. |
front 57 What are the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? | back 57 Granulocytes contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules. |
front 58 List leukocytes in the order of most abundant to least abundant. | back 58 Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
front 59 Which leukocytes are considered granulocytes? | back 59 Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. |
front 60 What percentage do neutrophils make up of WBC population? | back 60 Roughly 50-70%. |
front 61 How many nuclei do neutrophils typically have? | back 61 3-6. |
front 62 What is the function of neutrophils? | back 62 Phagocytize bacteria Attracted to inflammation |
front 63 What percentage do eosinophils account for? | back 63 2-4%. |
front 64 What are some characteristics of eosinophils? | back 64 Nucleus usually has two lobes connected by a broad band of nuclear material (resembles ear muffs); Stain brick red to crimson with acid dyes; |
front 65 What is the main function of eosinophils? | back 65 Kills parasitic worms and play a complex role in allergies and asthma. Reduce allergy reactions via breakdown of antibody complexes. |
front 66 Rarest of WBC, accounting for only .5-1% of the leukocyte population | back 66 Basophils |
front 67 Characteristics of basophils | back 67 Cytoplasm contains large, course, histamine-containing granules that have an affinity for the basic dyes (basophil = base loving) and stain purplish-black. The deep purple nucleus is generally U or S shaped with one or two constrictions. |
front 68 What is the function of basophils? | back 68 Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant. |
front 69 Accounting for 25% or more of WBC population (1500-3000 ul), these are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood | back 69 Lymphocytes |
front 70 Characteristics of lymphocytes | back 70 Large, dark-purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume; nucleus is normally spherical; surrounded by a thin rim of pale-blue cytoplasm; classified by size as small, medium, or large. |
front 71 What is the function of lymphocytes? | back 71 Play a crucial role in immunity. T cells function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells. B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies that are released in the blood. |
front 72 What percentage of WBCs do monocytes account for? | back 72 3-8% (100-700 ul) |
front 73 Characteristics of monocytes? | back 73 Largest of leukocytes (average diameter of 18 um); an abundant pale-blue cytoplasm and a darkly staining purple nucleus, which is often U shaped or kidney shaped. |
front 74 What is the main function of monocytes? | back 74 Phagocytosis Help activate lymphocytes. |
front 75 Literally "white blood," refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. | back 75 Leukemia |
front 76 With leukemia, what happens to the white blood cells? | back 76 They remain unspecialized and proliferate out of control, impairing normal red bone marrow function. |
front 77 An abnormally low white blood cell count, commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anticancer drugs. | back 77 Leukopenia |
front 78 What are platelets? | back 78 Cytoplasmic packets of enzymes. |
front 79 What is the function of platelets? | back 79 Clot formation. |
front 80 What happens during the first step in homeostasis? | back 80 Damaged blood vessel responds to the injury by constricting, exposing collagen fibers. |
front 81 What occurs during the second step in homeostasis? | back 81 Platelets stick together forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall. A plasma protein causes platelets to swell, form spiked processes, and become stickier. This allows for a bridge to form between platelets and collagen fibers. |
front 82 What occurs during the third step in homeostasis? | back 82 Coagulation occurs. It reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue" for the aggregated platelets. |
front 83 Blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel in a multistep process that involves a series of substances called | back 83 Clotting factors, or procoagulants. |
front 84 Process of enzymatic clot breakdown once healing has occurred; this "clean-up" is continual. | back 84 Fibrinolysis. |
front 85 What types of hemophilia exist? | back 85 A, B, and C; These are linked to X-chromosome genetic disorders that result in inadequate clotting mechanisms. |
front 86 What is the management for hemophilia? | back 86 Transfusions and control over activity to prevent injury. Can be treated with genetically engineered clotting factors IX or VII. |