front 1 barany test | back 1 evaluates function of the semicircular canals by noting eye movements called hystagmus, using a desk chair to spin the subject |
front 2 dynamic equilibrium | back 2 sense that reports on angular (rotary) acceleration or deceleration of the head in space |
front 3 labyrinth | back 3 bony cavities and membranes of the inner ear |
front 4 pharyngotympanic tube | back 4 tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx also called the auditory tube or eustachean tube |
front 5 weber test | back 5 quick screening test for hearing can detect unilateral(one sided) conductive hearing loss and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss |
front 6 romberg test | back 6 test for inability to maintain body balance when eyes are closed and feet are together - indication of spinal cord disease |
front 7 sensorineual deafness | back 7 deafness caused by the inability of nerve impulses to reach the auditory canter of the brain, because of nerve damage either to theinner ear or the brain |
front 8 conduction deafness | back 8 inability to hear resulting form damage to structures of the middle or inner ear |
front 9 rinne test | back 9 test for conductive hearing loss, using tuning fork to check for differences in bone and air conduction |
front 10 function of the cochlea | back 10 contains the sensory receptors for hearing |
front 11 function of semicircular canals | back 11 kinetic angular or rotational equilibrium (dynamic equilibrium |
front 12 function of vestibular apparatus | back 12 utricle and saccule - static equilibrium - acceleration and deceleration |
front 13 location of taste buds | back 13 tongue, soft palate, epiglotis, pharynx, inner cheeks |
front 14 receptors for gustation | back 14 aste buds, widely distributed in the oral cavity |
front 15 what are the five basic tastes | back 15 salt - metal ions
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front 16 receptors for olfaction | back 16 olfactory receptor cells - bipolar neurons - olfactory cillia extend outward from the epithelium |
front 17 vertigo | back 17 asensation o fdizziness and rotaional movement when such movement is not occuring or has ceased |
front 18 myopia | back 18 nearsightedness - light from distant objects is brought to a focal point before reaching the retina it then diverges
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front 19 what is convergance reflex | back 19 when both eyes are directed toward the near object viewed |
front 20 hyperopia | back 20 farsightedness, light from a near object is brought to a focal point behind (past) the retina
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front 21 what is consensual reflex | back 21 application of a bright light to one eye causes reflex constriction of the pupil of the other as well as the pupil of the first eye |
front 22 what is puppillary reflex | back 22 the reduction of pupil size in response to light |
front 23 define accomidation | back 23 the ability to keep an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies |
front 24 what are you testing for by measuring the near point of accomidation | back 24 lens elasticity |
front 25 what is visual acuity | back 25 sharpness of vission |
front 26 nystagmus | back 26 involuntary rolling of the eyes in any direction or the trailing of the eyes slowly in one direction |
front 27 presbyopia | back 27 old vision lens becomes less elastic |
front 28 near point | back 28 the closest point from the eye at which an object can be clearly seen |
front 29 optic chiasm | back 29 visual information crossover point |
front 30 snellen chart | back 30 an eye chart used to measure visual acuity |
front 31 adaptation | back 31 1.any change in structure or response to suit a new environment 2. decline in transmission of a sensory nerve when a receptor is stimulated continuously and without change in stimulus strength |
front 32 ampula | back 32 a localized dialation of a canal or duct |
front 33 accomidation | back 33 the process of increasin the rerfractive power of th elens of the eye - focusing |
front 34 auditory ossicles | back 34 the three tiny bones serving as trnsmitters of vibrations and located within the middle ear, malleus, incus, stapes |
front 35 choroid | back 35 the vascular middle layer of the eye |
front 36 cataract | back 36 clouding of the eyes lens - often congenital or age related |
front 37 conjunctiva | back 37 thin protective mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior surface of the eye itself |
front 38 electromagnetic readiation | back 38 emmitted photons - wave packets - of energy - ex. light, xray, infrared |
front 39 fundus | back 39 base of an organ part farthest from the opening of the organ for example the posterior wall of the eye |
front 40 glaucoma | back 40 condition in which intraocular pressure increases to levels that cause compression of the retins and optic nerve results in blindness and unless detected early |
front 41 refraction | back 41 the bending of a lightray when it meets a different surface at an oblique |
front 42 how do you test for astigmatism | back 42 view chart with one eye then the other if the lines appear equally dark and distinct no distortion of refraction surfaces if blurredor appear less dark then others astigmatism is present |
front 43 what is 20/20 | back 43 perfect vision |
front 44 what is 20/40 | back 44 less than normal vision |
front 45 what is 20/15 | back 45 better than normal vision |
front 46 mmetropia | back 46 normal eye light from both near and far is focused properly on the retina |
front 47 define astigmatism | back 47 irregularities in the curvatures of the lens and or cornea which lead to blurred vision |
front 48 what is the test called that is used to test for color blindness | back 48 ishihars color test |
front 49 opthalmic | back 49 pertaining to the eye |
front 50 optic | back 50 pertaining to the eye or vision |
front 51 lacrimal | back 51 pertaining to tears |
front 52 cornea | back 52 transparent anterior portion of the eyeball part of the fibrous layer |
front 53 aqueous humor | back 53 watery fluid in the anterior segment of the eye |
front 54 blind spot | back 54 the area that lacks photoreceptors |
front 55 hypersecretion | back 55 excessive secretion |
front 56 hyposecretion | back 56 diminished secretion as by a gland |
front 57 thalamus | back 57 recieves sensory information from all senses except taste and smell then rganizes and routes the information to the appropriate cortilcal areas |
front 58 hypothalamus | back 58 regulates motivated behavior |
front 59 medulla | back 59 controls vital functions - breathing heart rate and respiration - under the pons, controls sleep and above the spinal cord |
front 60 ACTH | back 60 regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland (anterior pituitary) |
front 61 testosterone | back 61 promotes maturation of the reproductive system, development of amle secondary sex characteristics, responsible for sexual drive, bothe endocrine and exocrain functions |
front 62 name the endocrine glands | back 62 pineal gland
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front 63 hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal tract | back 63 a downgrowth of hypothalamic tissue which maintains its neural connection with the hypothalamus via a nerve bundle called the hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal tract |
front 64 infundibulum | back 64 funnel shaped stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus superiorly |
front 65 hypothalamus | back 65 most important function is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland |
front 66 what does hypersecretion of glucogon cause?what are the symptoms? | back 66 low blood sugar or hypoglycemia
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front 67 what happens when blood glucose levels are low | back 67 stimulates the liver to break down glucogen stores to glucose and release glucose to the blood |
front 68 progesterone | back 68 during pregnancy maintain the uterine musculature,helps prepare the breast tissue for lactation |
front 69 estrogen | back 69 responsible forsecondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty, act with progesterone help prepare the mammary glands for lactation |
front 70 diabetis mellitus | back 70 inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine - alterations of protein and fat metabolism, erangements in carbohydrate metabolism |
front 71 insulin - which gland? what does it do? | back 71 pancrease
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front 72 adrenal cortex | back 72 produces steroid hormones called corticosteroids, aldosterone, glococorticoids, gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) |
front 73 hirsutism | back 73 abnormal hairiness caused by hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids |
front 74 gonadocorticoids or sex hormones | back 74 produced by the adrenal cortex are chiefly androgens (male sex hormones) but some are estrogens (female sex hormones) are formed |
front 75 glucocorticoids | back 75 enable the body to resist long term stressors primarily by increasing blood glucose levels |
front 76 aldosterone | back 76 regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids mainly by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubules |
front 77 adrenal medula | back 77 developes from neural crest tisue, directly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system - respond to SNS signals by realeasing epinephrine 80% and norepinephrine 20% which act in conjunction to the SNS to elicit fight or flight response |
front 78 thymus | back 78 situated in the superior thorax posterior to the sternum and anterior to the heart and lungs - large in children shrinks with age - releases thymulin, thymosin and thymopoietins
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front 79 the thymus releases several differnet families of hormones, what are they? what do they do? | back 79 thymulin, thymosin and thymopoietins
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front 80 PTH | back 80 most important regulator of calcium balance in the blood, when blood C levels decrease PTH is released, causes release of calcium from the bone matrix and prods the kidney to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate, stimulates kidney to convert vitamin D to its active D3 form calcitrol |
front 81 what occurs during hyposecretion of PTH | back 81 increases neural excitability and may lead to tetany, prolonged muscles spasms that can result in respiratory paralysis and death |
front 82 what occurs during hypersecretion of PTH | back 82 results in loss of calcium from bones causing deformation, softening, and spontaneous fractures |
front 83 what does hypersecretion of T4 cause | back 83 elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, weight loss, sweating, and irregular heartbeat |
front 84 calcitonin | back 84 decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in the bones
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front 85 FSH - LH function | back 85 regulate gamate production and hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes) |
front 86 gonadatropins | back 86 follicle stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH |
front 87 posterior gland releases | back 87 oxytocin and ADH |
front 88 anterior gland releases | back 88 TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH (tropic) GH and PRL |
front 89 thyroid hormone (TH) What are the two physiologically active hormones? | back 89 T4 and T3, primary function - to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation
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front 90 polyphagia | back 90 increased hunger |
front 91 polydipsia | back 91 increased thirst |
front 92 polyuria | back 92 frequent urinaiton |
front 93 diabetes mellitus | back 93 reffered to as diabetes - metabolic disease in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin or cells dont respond to insulin which is produced - polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
front 94 hypersecretion of ADH results in | back 94 edema (tissue swelling caused by fluid retention) headache, and disorientation |
front 95 hyposecretion of ADH results in | back 95 diabetes insipidus |
front 96 diabetis insipidus | back 96 hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration form excessive urine output
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front 97 ADH | back 97 causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate, thereby reducing urine output and conserving body water |
front 98 oxytocin | back 98 stimulates powerful uterine contractions during childbirth and coitus and also milk ejection in the lactating mother |
front 99 hypophyseal portal system | back 99 hypothalamic hormones are liberated into the hypophyseal portal system and carried to cells of the anterior pituitary where they control release of anterior pituitary hormones |
front 100 PRL | back 100 prolactin
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front 101 hyposecretion of GH in children | back 101 dwarfism |
front 102 hypersecretion of GH in a) children and b) adults | back 102 a) gigantism b) acromegaly |
front 103 GH | back 103 plays an important role in determining body size, affects many tissues, major effects centered on the growth of muscles and long bones of the body |
front 104 TSH | back 104 influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland |
front 105 hyposecretion of T4 leads to a condition called what? what are the symptoms? | back 105 myxedema
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front 106 is the posterior pituitary an andocrine gland? why or why not? | back 106 no
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front 107 acromegaly | back 107 overgrowth of bones in hands, feet and face in daults when too much GH is released by the anterior pituitary gland |
front 108 Hyposecretion of insulin (deficiency in the insulin receptors) leads to ______? | back 108 diabetes mellitus |
front 109 glucogon acts ____________ to insulin | back 109 antagonistically |
front 110 gonads | back 110 female - ovaries male - testes |
front 111 chief cells (found in the parathyroid) | back 111 synthesize PTH |
front 112 parafollicular (c cells) | back 112 found in the thyroid
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front 113 colloid filled follicles | back 113 in the thyroid
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front 114 islets of langerhans, are found where? and contain what ? | back 114 in the pancreas
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front 115 acinar cells | back 115 in the pancreas
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front 116 what is contained in the scala vestibuli | back 116 perilymph |
front 117 what is contained in the scala tympani | back 117 perilymph |
front 118 what is contained in the scala media | back 118 endolymph |
front 119 testes | back 119 male sex cell - sperm
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front 120 ovaries | back 120 female sex cell - ova
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front 121 pancrease | back 121 both an exocrine and endocrine gland
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front 122 adrenal glands | back 122 adrenal medula and adrenal cortex |
front 123 parathyroid gland | back 123 found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
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front 124 thyroid gland | back 124 located in the throat, jus tinferior to the larynx - two lobes joined by central mass or isthmus
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front 125 pineal gland | back 125 located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
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front 126 rods | back 126 retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
front 127 cones | back 127 retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. |
front 128 photoreceptors | back 128 rods and cones |
front 129 pigmented layer of the retina contains what | back 129 vitamin A |