front 1 the region that combines several minor calyces to form two or three major calyces? | back 1 The minor and major calyces collect urine and distribute it onward through the urinary tract. |
front 2 What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle? | back 2 glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
front 3 Which part of the renal tubule is lined with cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli? | back 3 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 4 In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located? | back 4 renal cortex |
front 5 Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to? | back 5 vasa recta |
front 6 Which capillary bed produces filtrate? | back 6 glomerulus |
front 7 What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? | back 7 monitoring the NaCl content of the filtrate |
front 8 The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________. | back 8 calyces; renal pelvis |
front 9 What is the juxtaglomerular complex? | back 9 a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure |
front 10 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. | back 10 is drained by an efferent arteriole |
front 11 Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex? | back 11 Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. |
front 12 describe the juxtaglomerular complex | back 12 It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.
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front 13 The filtration membrane includes all except ________. | back 13 renal fascia |
front 14 The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. | back 14 true |
front 15 The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. | back 15 false |
front 16 Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? | back 16 blood cells and large particles |
front 17 substances found in filtrate | back 17 water and small solutes
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front 18 What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? | back 18 hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) |
front 19 Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? | back 19 protein |
front 20 If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? | back 20 net filtration would decrease |
front 21 Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. | back 21 25 mm Hg |
front 22 Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? | back 22 ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland. |
front 23 What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule? | back 23 isotonic – 300 mOsm |
front 24 In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine? | back 24 ADH – low; 100 mOsm (urine) |
front 25 In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate? | back 25 ADH – high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) |
front 26 Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? | back 26 the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute |
front 27 GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following? | back 27 glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) |
front 28 Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)? | back 28 myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback |
front 29 Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism? | back 29 tubuloglomerular feedback |
front 30 The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? | back 30 afferent arterioles |
front 31 What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate? | back 31 insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR |
front 32 Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter? | back 32 Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease. |
front 33 Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism? | back 33 renin-angiotensin mechanism |
front 34 What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus? | back 34 hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) |
front 35 Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption? | back 35 collecting duct |
front 36 Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur? | back 36 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 37 Capsular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. | back 37 false |
front 38 The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water | back 38 false |
front 39 The __________ is a skeletal muscle under conscious control that allows urine to leave the bladder. | back 39 external urethral sphincter |
front 40 Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur? | back 40 The extrusor muscle must relax. |
front 41 things that must happen for micturition to occur? | back 41 The external urethral sphincter must open.
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front 42 Which of the following is NOT a cause of anuria? | back 42 vasodilation of afferent arterioles |
front 43 causes of anuria | back 43 renal failure
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front 44 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. | back 44 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 45 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. | back 45 nephron -> collecting duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> ureter -> urethra |
front 46 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. | back 46 secondary active transport |
front 47 If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. | back 47 appear in the urine |
front 48 Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. | back 48 impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
front 49 In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________. | back 49 thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption |
front 50 In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically. | back 50 true |
front 51 Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption. | back 51 true |
front 52 Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process. | back 52 false |
front 53 In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water. | back 53 true |
front 54 Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. | back 54 true |
front 55 An excessive urine output is called anuria. | back 55 false |
front 56 Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH. | back 56 true |
front 57 Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________. | back 57 sodium |
front 58 Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water. | back 58 true |
front 59 Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder? | back 59 ureter |
front 60 The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter. | back 60 false |
front 61 The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. | back 61 transitional |
front 62 The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding. | back 62 true |