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Exam 3

front 1

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called
A. antibiotics.
B. narrow-spectrum drugs.
C. semi-synthetic drugs.
D. synthetic drugs.
E. broad-spectrum drugs.

back 1

antibiotics.

front 2

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed
A. antibiotics.
B. narrow-spectrum drugs.
C. semisynthetic drugs.
D. synthetic drugs.
E. broad-spectrum drugs.

back 2

broad-spectrum drugs.

front 3

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except
A. Penicillium.
B. Bacillus.
C. Staphylococcus.
D. Streptomyces.
E. Cephalosporium.

back 3

Staphylococcus.

front 4

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include
A. low toxicity for human tissues.
B. high toxicity against microbial cells.
C. do not cause serious side effects in humans.
D. stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 4

All of the choices are correct.

front 5

The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection is called
A. competitive inhibition.
B. synergism.
C. prebiotics.
D. prophylaxis.
E. lantibiotics.

back 5

prophylaxis.

front 6

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called
A. prophylaxis.
B. chemotherapy.
C. selective toxicity.
D. nephrotoxicity.
E. synergism.

back 6

chemotherapy.

front 7

Penicillins and cephalosporins
A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B. block folic acid synthesis.
C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D. damage cell membranes.
E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

back 7

block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

front 8

Selective toxicity refers to
A. damage to pathogenic organisms.
B. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes.
C. damage to the target organisms but not host cells.
D. damage to nucleic acids.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 8

damage to the target organisms but not host cells.

front 9

Each of the following effect cell walls except
A. penicillin.
B. cycloserine.
C. vancomycin.
D. erythromycin.
E. cephalosporin.

back 9

erythromycin.

front 10

Aminoglycosides
A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B. block folic acid synthesis.
C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D. damage cell membranes.
E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

back 10

attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.

front 11

Each of the following target prokaryotic ribosomes except
A. streptomycin.
B. gentamycin.
C. polymyxins.
D. tetracycline.
E. erythromycin.

back 11

polymyxins.

front 12

Drugs that insert on the _____ ribosomal subunit prevent peptide bond formation or inhibit translocation of the subunit during translation.
A. 30S
B. 40S
C. 50S
D. 60S
E. 70S

back 12

50S

front 13

Sulfonamides
A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B. block folic acid synthesis.
C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D. damage cell membranes.
E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

back 13

block folic acid synthesis.

front 14

Sulfa drugs work on
A. nucleic acid biosynthesis.
B. ribosome biosynthesis.
C. peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
D. folic acid biosynthesis.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 14

folic acid biosynthesis.

front 15

Sulfonamides are analogs of PABA and, as a result, they inhibit _____ synthesis.
A. protein
B. DNA
C. RNA
D. folic acid
E. phospholipid

back 15

folic acid

front 16

Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active
site, are called
A. inhibitors.
B. blockers.
C. competitive inhibitors.
D. noncompetitive inhibitors.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 16

competitive inhibitors.

front 17

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have
A. a beta-lactam ring.
B. resistance to the action of penicillinase.
C. a semisynthetic nature.
D. an expanded spectrum of activity.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 17

a beta-lactam ring.

front 18

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is
A. synercid.
B. penicillinase.
C. aztreonam.
D. clavulanic acid.
E. imipenem.

back 18

clavulanic acid.

front 19

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?
A. synercid
B. penicillinase
C. aztreonam
D. clavulanic acid
E. imipenem

back 19

penicillinase

front 20

All of the following pertain to cephalosporins except
A. have a beta-lactam ring.
B. greater resistance to beta-lactamases.
C. newer generations have activity against gram-negatives.
D. many administered by injection, not orally.
E. are synthetic drugs.

back 20

are synthetic drugs.

front 21

Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?
A. gentamicin
B. vancomycin
C. cephalosporins
D. penicillins
E. clavamox

back 21

gentamicin

front 22

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?
A. penicillin G
B. vancomycin
C. tetracycline
D. synercid
E. isoniazid

back 22

isoniazid

front 23

What drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance and also used to treat endocarditis?
A. penicillin G
B. vancomycin
C. tetracycline
D. erythromycin
E. isoniazid

back 23

vancomycin

front 24

Clavulanic acid
A. inhibits B-lactamase activity.
B. inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis.
C. inhibits formation of peptidoglycan cross linkages.
D. inhibits cell membrane synthesis.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 24

inhibits B-lactamase activity.

front 25

All _____ consist of a thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam ring, and an R group.
A. penicillins
B. tetracyclins
C. macrolides
D. cephalosporins
E. aminoglycosides

back 25

penicillins

front 26

The major source of naturally produced penicillin is the mold
A. Penicillium notatum.
B. Penicilium chrysogenum.
C. Penicilium familiaris.
D. Naturally produced penicillin is no longer used.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 26

Penicilium chrysogenum.

front 27

Gram-negative rods are often treated with
A. penicillin G.
B. vancomycin.
C. aminoglycosides.
D. synercid.
E. isoniazid.

back 27

aminoglycosides

front 28

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis?
A. aminoglycosides
B. tetracyclines
C. erythromycin
D. trimethroprim
E. gentamicin

back 28

trimethroprim

front 29

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?
A. tetracycline
B. isoniazid
C. erythromycin
D. aminoglycosides
E. cephalosporins

back 29

isoniazid

front 30

Antimicrobials that are macrolides
A. disrupt cell membrane function.
B. include tetracyclines.
C. include azithromycin, clarithromcyin and erythromycin.
D. are very narrow-spectrum drugs.
E. are hepatotoxic.

back 30

include azithromycin, clarithromcyin and erythromycin.

front 31

The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is
A. chloramphenicol.
B. clindamycin.
C. ciprofloxacin.
D. bacitracin.
E. gentamicin.

back 31

chloramphenicol.

front 32

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?
A. clindamycin
B. erythromycin
C. aminoglycosides
D. sulfonamides
E. tetracycline

back 32

sulfonamides

front 33

Which antibiotic is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections?
A. synercid
B. clindamycin
C. linezolid
D. azithromycin
E. clarithromycin

back 33

linezolid

front 34

Which of the following is not true of polymyxins?
A. disrupt the cell membrane
B. have a narrow-spectrum
C. toxic to kidneys
D. target cell walls
E. can treat severe urinary tract infections

back 34

target cell walls

front 35

The antifungal drug that can be used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is
A. nystatin.
B. griseofulvin.
C. amphotericin B.
D. sulfa drugs.
E. metronidazole.

back 35

amphotericin B.

front 36

Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole and miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections.
A. bacterial
B. fungal
C. protozoan
D. helminthic
E. viral

back 36

fungal

front 37

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?
A. quinolones
B. macrolide polyene antibiotics
C. griseofulvins
D. synthetic azoles
E. flucytosines

back 37

quinolones

front 38

The drug used for several protozoan infections is
A. nystatin.
B. griseofulvin.
C. amphotericin B.
D. sulfa drugs.
E. metronidazole.

back 38

metronidazole.

front 39

Mebendazole is a drug used to treat _____ infections.
A. bacterial
B. fungal
C. protozoan
D. helminthic
E. viral

back 39

helminthic

front 40

There are fewer antifungal, anti-protozoan, and anti-helminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths
A. do not cause many human infections.
B. are not affected by antimicrobials.
C. are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult.
D. are parasites found inside human cells.
E. because their cells have fewer target sites compared to bacteria.

back 40

are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult.

front 41

Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of
A. gram-positive infections.
B. gram-negative infections.
C. fungal infections.
D. protozoan infections.
E. viral infections.

back 41

protozoan infections.

front 42

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs?
A. block penetration
B. block transcription and translation
C. inhibit DNA synthesis
D. block maturation
E. bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

back 42

bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

front 43

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that
A. blocks penetration.
B. blocks transcription and translation.
C. inhibits DNA synthesis.
D. blocks maturation.
E. bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

back 43

inhibits DNA synthesis.

front 44

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat
A. influenza A virus.
B. HIV.
C. herpes zoster virus.
D. respiratory syncytial virus.
E. hepatitis C virus.

back 44

HIV.

front 45

Acyclovir is used to treat
A. influenza A virus.
B. HIV.
C. herpes simplex virus.
D. respiratory syncytial virus.
E. hepatitis C virus.

back 45

herpes simplex virus.

front 46

Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors?
A. AZT
B. acyclovir
C. nevirapine
D. fuzeon
E. amantidine

back 46

fuzeon

front 47

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include
A. bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C. prevention of drug entry into the cell.
D. alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 47

All of the choices are correct.

front 48

The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by
A. bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C. removing the drug from the cell when it enters.
D. alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 48

removing the drug from the cell when it enters.

front 49

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because
A. prokaryotic genomes undergo mutation rapidly.
B. prokaryotic genomes undergo mutation often.
C. short generation times accumulate mutations in populations.
D. mutations are passed between organisms.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 49

All of the choices are correct.

front 50

Each of the following result in drug resistance except
A. drug pumped out of the cell.
B. drug used as a nutrient by the cell.
C. drug binding site altered.
D. drug inactivated.
E. drug blocked from entering cell.

back 50

drug used as a nutrient by the cell.

front 51

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except
A. transposons.
B. R-plasmids.
C. conjugation.
D. mutation.
E. All of the choices provide for transfer of drug resistance.

back 51

mutation.

front 52

Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except
A. overuse of antibiotics.
B. improper use of antibiotics.
C. multiple drug therapy.
D. ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed.
E. addition of antibiotics to common household products.

back 52

multiple drug therapy.

front 53

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as
A. prebiotics.
B. probiotics.
C. lantibiotics.
D. phytobiotics.
E. riboswitches.

back 53

prebiotics.

front 54

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore a healthy acidic environment is an example of
A. prebiotics.
B. probiotics.
C. lantibiotics.
D. phytobiotics.
E. riboswitches.

back 54

probiotics.

front 55

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause
A. nephrotoxicity.
B. superinfections.
C. allergic reactions.
D. drug toxicity.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 55

superinfections.

front 56

Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except
A. development of resistance to the drug.
B. hepatotoxicity.
C. nephrotoxicity.
D. diarrhea.
E. deafness.

back 56

development of resistance to the drug.

front 57

A superinfection results from
A. build up of a drug to toxic levels in the patient.
B. the wrong drug administered to the patient.
C. an immune system reaction to the drug.
D. decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species.
E. All of the choices are correct.

back 57

decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species.

front 58

The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.
A. streptomycins
B. cephalosporins
C. macrolides
D. tetracyclins
E. penicillins

back 58

tetracyclins

front 59

Drug susceptibility testing determines
A. the patient's response to various antimicrobials.
B. the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials.
C. if normal flora will be affected by antimicrobials.
D. if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 59

the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials.

front 60

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?
A. Kirby-Bauer
B. antibiogram
C. E-test
D. MIC
E. therapeutic index (TI)

back 60

MIC

front 61

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the
A. Kirby-Bauer.
B. antibiogram.
C. E-test.
D. MIC.
E. therapeutic index (TI).

back 61

therapeutic index (TI).

front 62

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _____ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B.
A. smaller
B. equal
C. larger
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. None of the choices is correct.

back 62

smaller

front 63

Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice?
A. 20
B. 10
C. 1
D. 0.1
E. Any value would be equally effective.

back 63

20

front 64

Which two antibiotics affect the DNA and RNA of bacteria?
A. tetracycline and amphotericin B
B. trimethoprim and sulfonamides
C. Rifampin and quinolones
D. tetracycline and bacitracin

back 64

Rifampin and quinolones