front 1 What are the special senses | back 1 smell, taste, sight,hearing and equilibrium |
front 2 What is the dominant sense | back 2 Vision - 70 % of all the sensory receptors in the body are in the eyes and nearly 1/2 of the cerebral cortex is in involved in some aspect of visual processing |
front 3 What part of the eye is called "the white of the eye"? Is it A) the sclera or B) the choroid? | back 3 A) the sclera. This opaque outer layer appears white due to the presence of collagen fibers. |
front 4 In which layer is the retina found? Is it the A) uvea or B) neural layer? | back 4 B) the neural layer. The retina contains the neural cells whereas the uvea contains the iris. |
front 5 Which iris color has more melanin? Is it A) green or B) blue? | back 5 A) green. Color variation is due to concentration and distribution of melanocytes. Blue has the least amount of |
front 6 What are the protein fibers called that make up the lens? Are they A) collagens or B) crystallins? | back 6 The answer is B) crystallins. Collagen is important in the connective tissues and cornea. Crystallins appear in a precisely packed pattern in the lens. |
front 7 What do we call the gel-like substance in the posterior chamber of the eyeball? Is it A) the aqueous humor or B) the vitreous body? | back 7 The answer is B) the vitreous body. The aqueous humor is the fluid in the anterior chamber. |
front 8 Which photoreceptor cells are responsible for sharp vision? Is it A) the rods or B) the cones? | back 8 The answer is B) the cones. The cones are stimulated by color and intense light. |
front 9 Which neural cells regulate action potential generation in the eye? Is it A) the ganglion cells or B) the bipolar cells? | back 9 The answer is B) the bipolar cells. They regulate action potentials of the ganglion cells based on stimulation of the rods and cones. |
front 10 What is the area called where your vision is the sharpest? Is it A) the optic disc or B) the fovea? | back 10 The answer is B) the fovea. The fovea contains the highest concentrations of cones, resulting in the sharpest vision. |
front 11 accomidation | back 11 the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of the eye - focusing |
front 12 adaptation | back 12 1. any change in structure or respone to suit a new environment 2. decline in the transmission of a sensory nerve when a receptor is stimulated continuously and without change in stimulus strength |
front 13 ampulla | back 13 a localized dialation of a canal or duct |
front 14 aqueous humor | back 14 watery fluid in the anterior segment of the eye |
front 15 astigmatism | back 15 a condition in which unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lense of the eye lead to blurred vision |
front 16 auditory ossicles | back 16 the trhee tiny bones serving as transmitters of vibrations and located within the middle ear, the malleus, incus, and stapes |
front 17 auditory tube | back 17 tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx - also called the eustachian tube |
front 18 branchial groove | back 18 an indentation of the surface ectoderm in the embryo; the external acoustic meatus developes from it |
front 19 choroid | back 19 the vascular middle layer of the eye |
front 20 cochlea | back 20 snail shaped chamber of the bony labyrinth that houses the receptor for hearing [the spinal organ (of corti)] |
front 21 cones | back 21 one of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye: provide for color vision |
front 22 conjunctiva | back 22 thin protective mucus membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior surface of the eye itself |
front 23 cornea | back 23 transparent anterior portion of the eyeball: part of the fibrous layer |
front 24 crista ampullaris | back 24 sensory receptor organ within the ampulla of each semicircular canal or the inner ear, dynamic equilibrium receptor |
front 25 diplopia | back 25 double vision |
front 26 dynamic equilibrium | back 26 sense that reports on angular (rotatory) acceleration or deceleration of the head in space |
front 27 electromagnetic radiation | back 27 emitted photons (wave packets) of energy ex. light, x ray, infared |
front 28 extrinsic eye muscles | back 28 the six skeletal muscles which attach to and move each eye |
front 29 fovea | back 29 a pit |
front 30 fundus | back 30 base of an organ part farthest from the opening of the organ for example the posterior wall of the eye |
front 31 glaucoma | back 31 condition in which intraocular pressure increases to levels that cause the compression of the retina and optic nerve; results in blindness unless detected early |
front 32 gustation | back 32 taste |
front 33 hypertopia | back 33 a condition in which visual images are routinely focused behind rather than on the retina - commonly known as farsightedness |
front 34 labyrinth | back 34 body cavities and membranes of the inner ear |
front 35 lacrimal | back 35 pertaining to the tears |
front 36 myopia | back 36 a condition in which visual images are focused in front of rather than on the retina - nearsightedness |
front 37 olfaction | back 37 smell |
front 38 opthalmic | back 38 pertaining to the eye |
front 39 optic | back 39 pertaining to the eye or vision |
front 40 optic chiasma | back 40 the partial crossover of fibers of the optic nerves |
front 41 ossicles | back 41 same as auditory ossicles |
front 42 pharyngotympanic tube | back 42 tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx - also called the auditory tube eustachian tube |
front 43 photoreceptor | back 43 specialized receptor calls that respond to light energy- roda and cones |
front 44 presbyopia | back 44 condition that results in the loss of near focussing ability - typical onset is around age 40 |
front 45 pupil | back 45 opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye |
front 46 refraction | back 46 the bending of a light ray when it meets a different surface at an oblique rather than a right angle |
front 47 retina | back 47 neural layer of the eyeball contains photo receptors (rods - cones) |
front 48 rods | back 48 one of the two types of photosensitive cells in the retina |
front 49 sclera | back 49 white opaque portion of the fibrous layer of the eyeball |
front 50 special senses | back 50 taste, smell, vision, hearing and equilibrium |
front 51 static equilibrium | back 51 sense of head position in space with respect to gravity |
front 52 taste buds | back 52 sensory receptor oragans that house gustatory cells which respond to dissolved food chemicals |
front 53 tympanic membrane | back 53 eardrum |
front 54 vestibule | back 54 an enlarged area at the begining of a canal - inner ear, nose, larynx |
front 55 visual field | back 55 the field of view seen when the head is still |
front 56 The receptors for taste and smell are classified as: | back 56 chemoreceptors. Both receptors respond to the chemical content |
front 57 Anosmia, an olfactory disorder, may be caused by a deficiency of: | back 57 zinc .About a third of cases of anosmia are said to be caused by zinc deficiency. |
front 58 The accessory structures of the eye do NOT include: | back 58 cornea. The cornea of the eye is part of the eyeball structure and NOT an accessory organ. |
front 59 The conjunctival mucous membrane covers: | back 59 both the inner surface of the eyelids and the visible portion of the sclera. ith the exception of the cornea, the conjunctival membrane covers the visible portion of the sclera and the palpebral conjunctiva. |
front 60 When a person cries, he or she tends to keep on wiping their dripping nose. The nose drips because: | back 60 lacrimal gland secretions wash the eyeball and drain into the lacrimal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity.The drainage system for tears goes through the lacrimal duct into the nasal cavity. |
front 61 The horizontal rotation of the eyeball towards the nose is the function of the: | back 61 medial rectus. he medial rectus inserts into the medial side of the eyeball and moves the eyeball medially. |
front 62 Rotational movement of the head is monitored by receptors located in the: | back 62 semicircular canals.The ampulla of the semicircular canals houses the receptors that monitor angular movements of the head |
front 63 Arrange the tunics of the wall of the eyeball in their correct sequence from inside out. | back 63 Retina, choroid, sclera Surrounding the cavity of the eyeball, the wall of the eyeball is formed by the sensory tunic, followed by the vascular tunic, and then the fibrous tunic. |
front 64 Which sequence follows the correct passage of light entering the cornea? | back 64 Cornea, anterior segment, pupil, lens, posterior segment The anterior segment and the pupil are in front of the lens, and the posterior segment is behind the lens. |
front 65 The organ of Corti is found in the: | back 65 cochlea. The receptor organs for hearing are housed in the cochlear duct. |
front 66 Which of the following types of stimulation results in an increase in the diameter of the pupil? | back 66 Sympathetic nerves The contraction of radial muscles in the iris causes the pupil to dilate. |
front 67 The near point of vision is the shortest: | back 67 in children. The near point of vision recedes with age and is the shortest in young children. |
front 68 The tiny skeletal muscles associated with the ossicles of the middle ear function to: | back 68 protect the hearing receptors from loud sounds. he stapedius and the tensor tympani muscles minimize the excessive vibration of the ossicles caused by loud noise. |
front 69 The receptors for sound reception and equilibrium are located in the | back 69 inner ear cavity. These receptors are found within the bony labyrinth. |
front 70 The blind spot on the retina is: | back 70 where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Because of the numerous axons where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there is no room for photoreceptors, causing a blind spot. |
front 71 The pharyngotympanic tube | back 71 allows equilibration of air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.The pharyngotympanic tube connects the pharynx and middle ear and allows equilibration of air pressure. |
front 72 When focusing on a distant object, the lens is: | back 72 more flattened.A flat lens bends distance light less, allowing it to focus on the retina. |
front 73 Seventy percent of the sensory receptors in the body involved with: | back 73 sight. Seventy percent of the sensory receptors in the body are located in the eye and are involved with sight. |
front 74 Ciliary glands are modified: | back 74 sweat glands. Ciliary glands are modified sweat glands |
front 75 Pink eye is caused by an inflammation of the ______. | back 75 conjunctiva PInk eye is caused by an inflammation of the conjunctiva. |
front 76 Strabismus is caused by: | back 76 congenital weakness of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. Congenital weakness of the extrinsic muscles of the eye would lead to strabismus. |
front 77 Our eyes are best adapted for: | back 77 distant vision.Our eyes are best adapted for distant vision |
front 78 Ninety-nine percent of refractive problems in the eye are related to the | back 78 length of the eyeball. Ninety-nine percent of refractive problems in the eye are related to the length of the eyeball. |
front 79 Retinitis pigmentosa is a disease of the _____. | back 79 rods Retinitis pigmentosa is a disease of the rods that occurs when the pigment epithelial cells are unable to recycle the tips of rods as they are sloughed off. |
front 80 _______ are one of the few types of neurons that can replace themselves in adult life | back 80 Olfactory receptors Cones cannot replace themselves in adult life. Olfactory receptors are one of the few types of neurons that can replace themselves in adult life. |
front 81 The bleaching of the pigment refers to the: | back 81 process of breaking down the retinal-opsin combinations that form the rhodopsin found in the rods and cones.The oxidation of vitamin A leads to the formation of rhodopsin, not its breakdown, which occurs durning the the bleaching of the pigment. |
front 82 Which adaptation does NOT take place when one moves from a well-lit room to a dark room? | back 82 The retina becomes less sensitive When one moves from a well-lit room to a dark room, the retina becomes more sensitive, not less sensitive. |
front 83 Which of the following would NOT be found in the outer ear? | back 83 Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands found in the outer ear. |
front 84 The only special sense not fully functional at birth is _______ | back 84 vision Vision is the only special sense that is not fully functional at birth |
front 85 Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved with hearing in the inner ear? | back 85 Glutamate Norepinephrine is not involved with hearing in the inner ear. |
front 86 true or False Taste sensation is heavily dependent on olfactory receptors. | back 86 true -Taste is about 80% smell. |
front 87 true or False Olfactory adaptation means that the olfactory receptors become more sensitive to the presence of an odor. | back 87 False
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front 88 true or False When the eyeballs rotate down, the inferior oblique muscle contracts. | back 88 False This muscle is inserted to the inferior surface of the eyeball. It rotates the eye up and laterally |
front 89 true or False The size of the pupil is dependent on the contraction of the muscles of the iris. | back 89 True The circular and radial muscles of the iris reflexively contract and control the diameter of the pupil. |
front 90 true or False The rods of the retina operate in bright light and provide high-acuity vision. | back 90 False The rods are adapted for dim light and peripheral vision. |
front 91 true or False The area of the retina with the highest vision is called the optic disc. | back 91 False Fovea centralis has high cone density and is the focus of acute vision. |
front 92 true or False The posterior segment of the eyeball is filled with clear gel, called the aqueous humor. | back 92 False The clear transparent gel filling the posterior segment is called vitreous humor. |
front 93 true or False The malleus in the middle ear is attached to the tympanic membrane on one end and to the oval window on the other end. | back 93 False The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and to the incus. |
front 94 true or False Sounds of low frequency cause the vibration of the basilar membrane closer to the oval window. Sounds of higher frequencies vibrate the oval window further away from the oval window. | back 94 False High-frequency waves stimulate receptors closer to the oval window, and low-frequency waves stimulate the receptors in the organ of Corti, further away from the oval window. |
front 95 true or False The cornea is part of the vascular tunic. | back 95 false The cornea is the clear portion of the fibrous tunic. |
front 96 true or False Impulses from the olfactory epithelium are sent to the brain via cranial nerve II. | back 96 False Cranial nerve I is the olfactory nerve. |
front 97 true or False Cranial nerve V is one of the nerves that carry the sensation of taste. | back 97 False The cranial nerves that carry taste sensations are VII, IX, and X. |
front 98 true or False The auditory tube allows pressure equalization between the middle ear and the external environment. | back 98 True The auditory tube connects to the nasopharynx and allows for pressure equalization. |
front 99 true or False The semicircular canals respond to rotational movements. | back 99 True The three semicircular canals are oriented in the three planes of movement and evaluate head movements in each of those planes. |