front 1 The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes nitrogenous wastes. | back 1 no data |
front 2 It is also a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the electrolyte, fluid and acid-base balance of the blood. | back 2 no data |
front 3 Urine is continuously formed by the kidneys and is routed down the ureters by the mechanism of peristalsis to a storage organ called the bladder | back 3 no data |
front 4 Eventually, the urine is conducted to the body exterior by the urethra. | back 4 no data |
front 5 In the male, the urethra is 20 centimeters long and transports both urine and sperm | back 5 no data |
front 6
| back 6 no data |
front 7
| back 7 no data |
front 8 Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary components. The voluntary sphincter is the external sphincter. | back 8 no data |
front 9 An inability to control this sphincter is referred to as incontinence | back 9 no data |
front 10 Hypertonic | back 10 the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it ** high solute |
front 11 Hypotonic | back 11 the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it ** low solute |
front 12
| back 12 the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside of the cell |
front 13 Osmoregulation | back 13 The process of regulating water potential in order to keep fluid and electrolyte balance within a cell or organism relative to the surrounding |
front 14 Osmolarity | back 14 The osmotic concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution. *** affected by solute More solute more osmotic pressure Less solute less osmotic pressure |
front 15 Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by? | back 15 Tubular secretion |
front 16 In the presence of ADH (anti diuretic hormone) one would produce concentrated or diluted urine? | back 16 more concentrated |
front 17 Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus make up the? | back 17 renal corpuscle |
front 18 Why is incontinence a normal phenomenon in the child under 11⁄2 to 2 years old? | back 18 Because they have not yet gained muscle control over their external spincter |
front 19 What events may lead to its occurrence in the adult? | back 19 -Spinal cord injury -emotional problems -bladder irritability -or some other pathology of the urinary tract |
front 20 smooth membrane, tightly adherent to the kidney surface on | back 20 fibrous capsule |
front 21 portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts | back 21 medulla |
front 22 portion of the kidney containing the bulk of the nephron structures | back 22 cortex |
front 23 superficial region of kidney tissue | back 23 cortex |
front 24 basinlike area of the kidney, continuous with the ureter | back 24 renal pelvis |
front 25 a cup-shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid | back 25 minor calyx |
front 26 area of cortical tissue running between the medullary pyramids | back 26 renal column |
front 27 site of filtrate formation | back 27 glomerulus |
front 28 primary site of tubular reabsorption | back 28 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 29 secondarily important site of tubular reabsorption | back 29 distal convoluted tubule |
front 30 structure that conveys the processed filtrate (urine) to the renal pelvis | back 30 distal convoluted tubule |
front 31 blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells | back 31 peritubular capillaries |
front 32 its inner (visceral) membrane forms part of the filtration membrane | back 32 glomerular capsule |
front 33 In vertebrates (humans) where is urea produced? | back 33 -liver from NH3 and CO2 |
front 34 Urea is produced when ammonia (NH 3 ) is combined with……? | back 34 CO2 |
front 35 How does its high-pressure condition in the glomerulus aid its function of filtrate formation? | back 35 The higher the capillary pressure, the more filtrate will be formed. |
front 36 The basic functional unit of the kidney is the? | back 36 nephron |
front 37 Compare and contrast the composition of blood plasma and glomerular filtrate? | back 37 -B lood plasma → contains red and white blood cells, blood proteins, glucose, water, nitrogenous waste and salts. -Glomerular filtrate → contains everything blood plasma does without most of the blood proteins |
front 38 Explain the mechanism of tubular secretion, and explain its importance in the urine formation process? | back 38 - Tubular secretion is the reverse process of tubular reabsorption. Substances such as hydrogen and potassium ions and creatinine move either from the blood of the peritubular capillaries through the tubular cells or from the tubular cells into the filtrate to be disposed of in the urine. This process is important for the disposal of substances not ready in the filtrate and as a device for controlling blood pH |
front 39 Compare and contrast the composition of blood plasma and glomerular filtrate? | back 39 B lood plasma → contains red and white blood cells, blood proteins, glucose, water, nitrogenous waste and salts. -Glomerular filtrate → contains everything blood plasma does without most of the blood proteins |
front 40 The outermost layer of kidney tissue is the? | back 40 -Renal cortex |
front 41 List components of urine from a healthy person? | back 41 -Healthy urine consists of water, ammonia, potassium, hydrogen, little sodium, little creatine, little uric acid and urea and little bilirubin, if any of these substance is present in too much (or to little) quanity then it becomes unhealthy. Substances not normally in urine-glucose, protein, RBC, WBC and hemoglobin. |
front 42 Trace a drop of blood from the time it enters the kidney via the renal artery until it leaves the kidney through the renal vein. | back 42 Renal Artery to segmental artery lobar artery interlobar artery arcuate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole peritubular capillary bed interlobular vein arcuate vein interlobar vein |
front 43 In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, ___ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet? | back 43 angiotensin II |
front 44 The process of urine formation involves…? | back 44 - filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate |
front 45 What is important functionally about the specialized epithelium (transitional epithelium) in the bladder? | back 45 - The cells can slide past one another giving the tissue the ability to stretch and recoil as the bladder fills and empties |
front 46 Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure by? | back 46 - Increasing glomerular filtration rate -Inhibiting rennin and aldosterone secretion -Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney -Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct |
front 47 An interplay between calcium reserves in the bone, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion reflects calcium homeostasis. Explain this? | back 47 no data |
front 48 Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone? | back 48 parathyroid hormone |
front 49 Trace the anatomical pathway of a molecule of creatinine (metabolic waste) from the glomerular capsule to the urethra. Note each microscopic and/or gross structure it passes through in its travels. Name the subdivisions of the renal tubule. | back 49 Glomerular Capsule → Proximal Convulated Tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal Convulated Tubule → Collecting Tubule → Papillary Duct → Minor Calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra |
front 50 Explain why urinalysis is a routine part of any good physical examination? | back 50 Finding "abnormal" constituents in the urine may indicate pathology |
front 51 Presence of glucose in the urine is indication of…? | back 51 - Glycosuria - causes could be excess carbohydrate intake of diabetes mellitus |
front 52 Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane? | back 52 albumin |
front 53 In the presence of ADH (anti diuretic hormone)urine production increases or decreases? | back 53 *** decreases |
front 54 Which has a greater specific gravity: 1 ml of urine or 1 ml of distilled water? Explain your answer why? | back 54 - URINE; BECAUSE IT CONTAINS DISSOLVED SOLUTES, WHICH ARE NOT FOUND IN DISTILLED WATER AND ADD TO THE DENSITY OF THE SAMPLE |
front 55 How does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH? | back 55 alkaline |
front 56 Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by? | back 56 the ureters |
front 57 Name the primary nitrogenous waste product in humans? | back 57 Urea |
front 58 Glucose and albumin are both normally absent in the urine, but the reason for their exclusion differs. Explain the reason for the absence of glucose? Explain the reason for the absence of albumin? | back 58 no data |
front 59 Name the three major nitrogenous wastes found in the urine? | back 59 Uric acid -Urea -creatine |
front 60 List functions of the kidneys? | back 60 -They filter blood plasma -They regulate blood volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving water -They regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes -They secrete rennin -They secrete erythropoietin -They collaborate with the lungs to regulate the concentration of CO2 and the acid–base balance -They carry out the final step in synthesizing calcitriol and thereby contribute to calcium homeostasis |
front 61 The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the? | back 61 Glomerulus |
front 62 The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is? | back 62 -absorption of ions -organic molecules -Vitamins -water |
front 63 Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus? | back 63 -when blood glucose is very high, the filtered glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed |
front 64 Nitrogenous waste product is a by product of….? | back 64 Protein metabolism |
front 65 The expanded end of the ureter forms the? | back 65 -renal pelvis |
front 66 The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the? | back 66 -renal medulla |
front 67 Tubular reabsorption involves what kind of transportation? | back 67 - active transport -facilitated diffusion -cotransport -countertransport |
front 68 What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased? | back 68 The afferent arterioles would constrict |
front 69 A glomerulus is? | back 69 -the network of capillaries found inside the corpuscle |
front 70 The urine-forming units of the kidney are the? | back 70 - nephrons |
front 71 What is Gout? | back 71 a common type of arthritis |
front 72 What leads to Gout i.e. what is the cause of Gout? | back 72 -Gout is caused by a build-up of uric acid in the body. Uric acid is a waste product that is produced during the process of metabolism (when the body breaks down food to use as energy). |
front 73 Byproduct of protein catabolism that constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste is…..? | back 73 -urea |
front 74 The function of calcitonin is to? | back 74 Decreases Blood Calcium by causing Ca to move from blood into bone |
front 75 What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited? | back 75 The volume would increase |
front 76 All urine specimens become alkaline and cloudy on standing at room temperature. Explain why? | back 76 -This is a result of bacterial metabolism of urinary components |
front 77 Explain the mechanism of tubular secretion, and explain its importance in the urine formation process? | back 77 - Tubular secretion is the reverse process of tubular reabsorption. Substances such as hydrogen and potassium ions and creatinine move either from the blood of the peritubular capillaries through the tubular cells or from the tubular cells into the filtrate to be disposed of in the urine. This process is important for the disposal of substances not ready in the filtrate and as a device for controlling blood pH |
front 78 A renal pyramid voids urine into? | back 78 the minor calyx |
front 79 The process of filtration occurs at? | back 79 corpuscle of nephron |
front 80 Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH: Filtration; Secretion; reabsorption? Why? | back 80 -Secretion |
front 81 The functional unit of kidney is called what? | back 81 -nephron |
front 82 What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia? | back 82 -urea is less toxic than ammonia |
front 83 List factors that contribute(s) to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds? | back 83
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front 84 How would eating a high-protein diet affect filtration? | back 84 Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular blood, the net filtration pressure would be lower and less filtrate would form |
front 85 Blood plasma is filtered in which portion of the nephron? | back 85 - renal corpuscle |
front 86 How urinary system does regulate body pH? | back 86 no data |
front 87 List substances that are found in plasma but would not be found in normal filtrate? | back 87 proteins |
front 88 The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the? | back 88 -proximal convoluted tubule |
front 89 Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen? | back 89 -Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion |
front 90 Conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla are called? | back 90 -pyramids |
front 91 What is the function of reabsorption? | back 91 no data |
front 92 Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by…… process? | back 92 -selective reabsorption |
front 93 Substances and molecules move out of capillaries into the corpuscle space due to….? | back 93 -pressure differences |
front 94 The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule (corpuscle space) is mainly due high pressure in the……? | back 94 glomerulus capillaries |
front 95 Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma? | back 95 - loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid & urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid ** anatomical structure of loop of Henle |
front 96
| back 96 the proximal convoluted tubule |
front 97 How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine? | back 97 -ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane |
front 98 When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along which tubule of nephron? | back 98 -the distal tubule |
front 99 Increased ADH secretion is most likely when…….? | back 99 -sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity |
front 100 Why human urine more acidic is i.e. what makes it acidic? | back 100 Presence of hydrogen ions |
front 101 What is the advantage of urine being acidic? | back 101 To act as a nonspecific defense |
front 102 Why the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs? | back 102 -it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps |
front 103 Alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion because….? | back 103 -inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
front 104 What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation? | back 104 -it removes solutes and water -balances solute reabsorption and osmosis in the medulla |
front 105 The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the? | back 105 -distal convoluted tubule |
front 106 When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug? | back 106 -It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs |
front 107 Suppose 3 friends decide to an experiment on themselves. One person drinks 1 liter water, a second person drinks 1 liter of beer, and a third drinks 1 liter of concentrated salt solution. They monitor their urine production for several hours. Explain who will you expect to have the greatest and who will you expect to have the least amounts of urine, respectively? Explain why? | back 107 beer- most urine salt - less urine |
front 108 The process of voiding the bladder is called? | back 108 micturition |
front 109 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by causing an increase in the number of…..? | back 109 - aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells |
front 110 The largest solute component of urine…….? | back 110 -Urea |
front 111 Urine is produced by which organ of urinary system? | back 111 kidneys |
front 112 A patient feels radiating pain from the side of her body to the anterior abdominal wall. An MRI shows a bulging renal pelvis. Which is the most likely cause? | back 112 -A kidney stone lodged in the ureter |
front 113 What features of the bladder predispose it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly? | back 113 - the walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional |
front 114 What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra? | back 114 no data |
front 115 The “U” shape structure of the nephron tubules is called? | back 115 no data |
front 116 Micturition is another term for? | back 116 the elimination of urine |
front 117 Aldosterone promotes ……..retention in the kidneys? | back 117 sodium retention |
front 118 Explain why the glomerulus is such a high-pressure capillary bed? | back 118 -Both fed and drained by arterioles; the afferent arterioles has a larger diameter than the efferent |
front 119 How does its high-pressure condition aid its function of filtrate formation? | back 119 -the higher the capillary pressure, the more filtrate will be formed |