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Microbiology Chapter 20

front 1

Who is responsible for the "magic bullet" theory?

back 1

Paul Ehrlich.

front 2

Who investigated Penicillin?

back 2

Fleming discovered Penicillin in 1928. The first trials of penicillin began in 1940.

front 3

Which sources do our antimicrobials come from?

back 3

Bacteria: Bacillus and Streptomyces

Fungal: Cephalosporium and Penicillium.

front 4

What makes protozoan and helminth diseases more difficult to treat?

back 4

These organisms resemble the human cell much more closely than a bacterial cell does. So, a drug that targets these pathogens usually damages the host, too.

front 5

Which antibiotics affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

back 5

Broad spectrum antibiotics.

front 6

Which antimicrobials disrupt cell wall synthesis?

back 6

Penicillins, cephalosporins, polypeptide antibiotics, antimycobacterial antibiotics.

front 7

Where are natural penicillins extracted from?

back 7

Penicillium cultures.

front 8

What are the two types of natural penicillin?

back 8

Penicillin G (injected) and Penicillin V (oral)

front 9

Penicillin G is more often the drug of choice when treating what?

back 9

Staphylococci, streptococci, and several spirochetes.

front 10

What is the difference between natural penicillin and semisynthetic penicillin?

back 10

Natural penicillins are susceptible to penicillinases whereas semisynthetic penicillins are resistant to penicillinases (because they contain chemically added side chains).

front 11

Which penicillins are broad spectrum?

back 11

Aminopenicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin)

Carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin and ticarcillin)

Ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin and azlocillin)

front 12

What microorganism does the carboxypenicillins have a special advantage against?

back 12

Pseudomonas.

front 13

What is another name for the disc-diffusion method?

back 13

Kirby-Bauer test.

front 14

Antimicrobials can have many side effects, which ones tend to have fewer?

back 14

Penicillin.

front 15

Which antimicrobials are used to treat fungal infections?

back 15

Polyenes (Amphotericin B), Azoles, Allylamines (Terbinafine and naftifine).

front 16

Which is more virulent, community or hospital acquired MRSA?

back 16

Community-acquired.