front 1 Inflammation of the meninges | back 1 Meningitis |
front 2 Inflammation of the brain | back 2 Encephalitis |
front 3 Which is more common and mild, bacterial meningitis or viral meningitis? | back 3 Viral. |
front 4 What types of pathogens can cause meningitis? | back 4 Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. |
front 5 What organisms can cause meningitis and convulsions? | back 5 Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes. |
front 6 Why are bacterial encephalitis and meningitis difficult to treat? | back 6 Many antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier. |
front 7 What organism causes Tetanus? | back 7 Clostridium tetani. Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe. |
front 8 The symptoms of tetanus are caused by which neurotoxin? | back 8 Tetanospasmin. |
front 9 How does tetanospasmin work? | back 9 It is released from dead cells. It enters the CNS. It then blocks the relaxation pathway in muscles, causing muscle spasms. |
front 10 How does death occur with tetanus? | back 10 From spasms of respiratory muscles. |
front 11 What are some symptoms of tetanus? | back 11 Lockjaw, stiffness of neck muscles, difficulty swallowing, painful body spasms. |
front 12 What organism causes botulism? | back 12 Clostridium botulinum |
front 13 What does the botulinal exotoxin do? | back 13 Since it is specific for the synaptic end of the nerve, it blocks the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing flaccid paralysis. |
front 14 How does death usually occur with botulism? | back 14 Respiratory or cardiac failure. |
front 15 What are some common symptoms of botulism? | back 15 Nausea, double or blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, general weakness. |
front 16 What is poliomyelitis and what is it caused from? | back 16 Polio, caused by the poliovirus. |
front 17 How is it transmitted and what are the initial symptoms? | back 17 Transmitted by the ingestion of water containing feces containing the virus. Sore throat and nausea. |
front 18 If viremia occurs with Polio, what happens? | back 18 The virus enters the CNS where it targets and destroys motor cells. |
front 19 How does death normally occur from Polio? | back 19 Respiratory failure. |
front 20 What are the two vaccines for Polio? | back 20 Salk and Sabin vaccine. |
front 21 Which vaccine contains the inactive virus and how is it administered? | back 21 Salk vaccine; injectable. |
front 22 Which vaccine is more effective? | back 22 Sabin vaccine which is thought to give lifelong immunity. |
front 23 Which disease almost always results in fatal encephalitis? | back 23 Rabies. |
front 24 What is the causative agent of rabies? | back 24 Rabies virus, from the genus Lyssavirus. |
front 25 What shape is the Lyssavirus? | back 25 Bullet shaped. |
front 26 What are some characteristics of the Lyssavirus? | back 26 Single-stranded RNA; easily develops mutants. |
front 27 How is rabies virus normally transmitted? | back 27 By the saliva or an animal bite. It can also cross mucous membranes. |
front 28 What are the most common cause of rabies in the United States? | back 28 Silver-haired bats. |
front 29 What is unique about the incubation time of rabies? | back 29 It is usually long enough to allow immunity to develop from postexposure vaccination. |
front 30 Why is the natural immune response ineffective against rabies? | back 30 The viruses are introduced into the wound in numbers too low to provoke it; also, they do not travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, where the immune system could best respond. |
front 31 What are the initial symptoms of rabies? | back 31 Muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx; hydrophobia. |
front 32 When the rabies virus enters through the PNS to the brain cells, what does it cause? | back 32 Encephalitis. |
front 33 What is the average incubation period for rabies? | back 33 30 to 50 days. |
front 34 How is rabies diagnosed? | back 34 In the laboratory by detection of the viral antigen using the direct fluorescent-antibody test. |
front 35 Who is routinely vaccinated against rabies? | back 35 High-risk individuals, such as lab workers, animal control professionals, and veterinarians. |
front 36 If a person is bitten and the animal is tested positive for rabies, what does the person undergo? | back 36 Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), the vaccine plus immune globulin injections. |
front 37 Once the symptoms of rabies appear, which is the most effective treatment? | back 37 There is very little by way of effective treatment and only a handful of survivors have been reported. |
front 38 Where does rabies occur? | back 38 All over the world, mostly as a result of dog bites. |
front 39 How many cases of rabies occur in the United States annually? | back 39 1 to 6 |
front 40 What are arboviruses and what are they caused by? | back 40 Arthropod-borne viruses, caused by mosquito-borne viruses. |
front 41 What diseases are caused by arboviruses? | back 41 Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), California encephalitis (CE), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis. |
front 42 When are arboviruses more common? | back 42 During summer months. |
front 43 What is the most effective preventative measure against arboviruses? | back 43 Local control of mosquitoes. |
front 44 What does Naegleria fowleri cause? | back 44 Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
front 45 What does N. fowleri infect? | back 45 The nasal mucosa and then it penetrates the brain and feeds on brain tissue. |
front 46 Who usually contacts N. fowleri? | back 46 Children who swim in warm ponds or streams. |
front 47 What is the fatality rate of N. fowleri? | back 47 Nearly 100% fatal. |
front 48 What diseases are caused by prions? | back 48 Sheep scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Kuru, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). |
front 49 What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? | back 49 Unexplained fatigue that lasts at least 6 months plus other flulike symptoms. Also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), it is linked to the immune system and possible genetic components. |
front 50 What may trigger Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? | back 50 Viral illnesses. |
front 51 How many people are affected by CFS? | back 51 .52% of women and .29% of men. |
front 52 What is the approved treatment for CFS? | back 52 None, but there is an experimental drug. |