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Microbiology Chapter 22

front 1

Inflammation of the meninges

back 1

Meningitis

front 2

Inflammation of the brain

back 2

Encephalitis

front 3

Which is more common and mild, bacterial meningitis or viral meningitis?

back 3

Viral.

front 4

What types of pathogens can cause meningitis?

back 4

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

front 5

What organisms can cause meningitis and convulsions?

back 5

Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes.

front 6

Why are bacterial encephalitis and meningitis difficult to treat?

back 6

Many antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

front 7

What organism causes Tetanus?

back 7

Clostridium tetani.

Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe.

front 8

The symptoms of tetanus are caused by which neurotoxin?

back 8

Tetanospasmin.

front 9

How does tetanospasmin work?

back 9

It is released from dead cells. It enters the CNS. It then blocks the relaxation pathway in muscles, causing muscle spasms.

front 10

How does death occur with tetanus?

back 10

From spasms of respiratory muscles.

front 11

What are some symptoms of tetanus?

back 11

Lockjaw, stiffness of neck muscles, difficulty swallowing, painful body spasms.

front 12

What organism causes botulism?

back 12

Clostridium botulinum
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe.

front 13

What does the botulinal exotoxin do?

back 13

Since it is specific for the synaptic end of the nerve, it blocks the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing flaccid paralysis.

front 14

How does death usually occur with botulism?

back 14

Respiratory or cardiac failure.

front 15

What are some common symptoms of botulism?

back 15

Nausea, double or blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, general weakness.

front 16

What is poliomyelitis and what is it caused from?

back 16

Polio, caused by the poliovirus.

front 17

How is it transmitted and what are the initial symptoms?

back 17

Transmitted by the ingestion of water containing feces containing the virus.

Sore throat and nausea.

front 18

If viremia occurs with Polio, what happens?

back 18

The virus enters the CNS where it targets and destroys motor cells.

front 19

How does death normally occur from Polio?

back 19

Respiratory failure.

front 20

What are the two vaccines for Polio?

back 20

Salk and Sabin vaccine.

front 21

Which vaccine contains the inactive virus and how is it administered?

back 21

Salk vaccine; injectable.

front 22

Which vaccine is more effective?

back 22

Sabin vaccine which is thought to give lifelong immunity.

front 23

Which disease almost always results in fatal encephalitis?

back 23

Rabies.

front 24

What is the causative agent of rabies?

back 24

Rabies virus, from the genus Lyssavirus.

front 25

What shape is the Lyssavirus?

back 25

Bullet shaped.

front 26

What are some characteristics of the Lyssavirus?

back 26

Single-stranded RNA; easily develops mutants.

front 27

How is rabies virus normally transmitted?

back 27

By the saliva or an animal bite.

It can also cross mucous membranes.

front 28

What are the most common cause of rabies in the United States?

back 28

Silver-haired bats.

front 29

What is unique about the incubation time of rabies?

back 29

It is usually long enough to allow immunity to develop from postexposure vaccination.

front 30

Why is the natural immune response ineffective against rabies?

back 30

The viruses are introduced into the wound in numbers too low to provoke it; also, they do not travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, where the immune system could best respond.

front 31

What are the initial symptoms of rabies?

back 31

Muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx; hydrophobia.

front 32

When the rabies virus enters through the PNS to the brain cells, what does it cause?

back 32

Encephalitis.

front 33

What is the average incubation period for rabies?

back 33

30 to 50 days.

front 34

How is rabies diagnosed?

back 34

In the laboratory by detection of the viral antigen using the direct fluorescent-antibody test.

front 35

Who is routinely vaccinated against rabies?

back 35

High-risk individuals, such as lab workers, animal control professionals, and veterinarians.

front 36

If a person is bitten and the animal is tested positive for rabies, what does the person undergo?

back 36

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), the vaccine plus immune globulin injections.

front 37

Once the symptoms of rabies appear, which is the most effective treatment?

back 37

There is very little by way of effective treatment and only a handful of survivors have been reported.

front 38

Where does rabies occur?

back 38

All over the world, mostly as a result of dog bites.

front 39

How many cases of rabies occur in the United States annually?

back 39

1 to 6

front 40

What are arboviruses and what are they caused by?

back 40

Arthropod-borne viruses, caused by mosquito-borne viruses.

front 41

What diseases are caused by arboviruses?

back 41

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), California encephalitis (CE), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis.

front 42

When are arboviruses more common?

back 42

During summer months.

front 43

What is the most effective preventative measure against arboviruses?

back 43

Local control of mosquitoes.

front 44

What does Naegleria fowleri cause?

back 44

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

front 45

What does N. fowleri infect?

back 45

The nasal mucosa and then it penetrates the brain and feeds on brain tissue.

front 46

Who usually contacts N. fowleri?

back 46

Children who swim in warm ponds or streams.

front 47

What is the fatality rate of N. fowleri?

back 47

Nearly 100% fatal.

front 48

What diseases are caused by prions?

back 48

Sheep scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Kuru, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease).

front 49

What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?

back 49

Unexplained fatigue that lasts at least 6 months plus other flulike symptoms.

Also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), it is linked to the immune system and possible genetic components.

front 50

What may trigger Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?

back 50

Viral illnesses.

front 51

How many people are affected by CFS?

back 51

.52% of women and .29% of men.

front 52

What is the approved treatment for CFS?

back 52

None, but there is an experimental drug.