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campbell biology chapter 13

front 1

Heredity is the

back 1

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

front 2

Variation is demonstrated by

back 2

the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

front 3

Genetics is the

back 3

scientific study of heredity and variation

front 4

Offspring acquire genes from parents

back 4

by inheriting chromosomes

front 5

In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents

back 5

It is genes that are actually inherited

front 6

Genes are the units of

back 6

heredity and are made up of segments of DNA

front 7

Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called

back 7

gametes (sperm and eggs)

front 8

Most DNA is packaged into

back 8

chromosomes

front 9

Humans have

back 9

46 chromosomes in the nuclei of their somatic cells, all cells of the body except gametes and their precursors

front 10

A gene’s specific position along a chromosome is called its

back 10

locus

front 11

In asexual reproduction,

back 11

a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

front 12

A clone is a group of

back 12

genetically identical individuals from the same parent

front 13

In sexual reproduction,

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two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

front 14

A life cycle is the

back 14

generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

front 15

Human somatic cells have

back 15

23 pairs of chromosomes

front 16

A karyotype is an

back 16

ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

front 17

The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs

back 17

homologous chromosomes, or homologs

front 18

Chromosomes in a homologous pair

back 18

are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

front 19

The sex chromosomes, which determine the sex of the individual, are called X and Y

Human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX)

Human males have one X and one Y chromosome

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes

back 19

are called X and Y

front 20

Human females have a

back 20

homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX)

front 21

Human males have

back 21

one X and one Y chromosome

front 22

he remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

back 22

autosomes

front 23

Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes one chromosome from each parent

The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell are two sets of 23: one from the mother and one from the father

A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes

For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46)

back 23

one chromosome from each parent

front 24

The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell are

back 24

two sets of 23: one from the mother and one from the father

front 25

A diploid cell (2n) has

back 25

two sets of chromosomes

front 26

For humans, the diploid number is

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46 (2n = 46)

front 27

In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred,

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each chromosome is replicated

front 28

Each replicated chromosome consists of

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two identical sister chromatids

front 29

A gamete (sperm or egg) contains

For humans, the haploid number is 23 (n = 23)

Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and a single sex chromosome

In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X

In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y

back 29

a single set of chromosomes and is thus a haploid cell (n)

front 30

For humans, the haploid number

back 30

is 23 (n = 23)

front 31

Each set of 23 consists of

back 31

22 autosomes and a single sex chromosome

front 32

In an unfertilized egg (ovum),

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the sex chromosome is X

front 33

In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may

back 33

be either X or Y

front 34

Fertilization is the

The fertilized egg is called a zygote and has one set of chromosomes from each parent

The zygote produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult

back 34

union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)

front 35

The fertilized egg is called a

back 35

zygote and has one set of chromosomes from each parent

front 36

The zygote produces somatic cells by

back 36

mitosis and develops into an adult

front 37

At sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes

Gametes are the only types of human cells produced by meiosis, rather than mitosis

Meiosis results in one set of chromosomes in each gamete

Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles to maintain chromosome number

back 37

the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes

front 38

Gametes are the only types of human cells produced by

back 38

meiosis, rather than mitosis

front 39

Meiosis results in

back 39

one set of chromosomes in each gamete

front 40

Fertilization and meiosis

back 40

alternate in sexual life cycles to maintain chromosome number