front 1 Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements. | back 1 Muscles act on bones by pulling, never pushing. As a muscle shortens, its insertion (attachment on the movable bone) moves toward its origin (its fixed or immovable point of attachment). Whatever one muscle or muscle group can do, another muscle or group can undo. |
front 2 Prime mover (agonist) | back 2 has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement |
front 3 antagonist | back 3 opposes or reverses a particular movement. When the prime mover is active, antagonist muscles are usually stretched or relaxed. |
front 4 Synergists | back 4 muscles that help the prime mover by either adding extra force to the same movement or reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the prime mover contracts |
front 5 Fixator | back 5 a type of synergist which immobilizes a bone, or a muscle’s origin so that the prime mover has a stable base on which to act |
front 6 Define the criteria employed in naming skeletal muscles: | back 6
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front 7 Parallel: | back 7 long axis of the fascicles run with the longitudinal axis of the muscle - strap like or fusiform - expanded belly (biceps). |
front 8 Pennate (feather): | back 8 fascicles are short and attached obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle |
front 9 unipennate | back 9 Fascicles insert into only 1 side of the tendon |
front 10 bipennate | back 10 If inserted into the tendon from opposite sides |
front 11 Convergent: | back 11 broad origin - fascicles converge toward a single tendon -essentially triangular (pectoralis major). |
front 12 Circular: | back 12 fascicles arranged in concentric rings. Surround external body openings which they close by contracting sphincters. |
front 13 sphincters | back 13 A circular muscle surrounding an opening; acts as a valve |
front 14 orbicularis oculi - zygomaticus - platysma - | back 14 orbicularis oculi -closes eyes, blinking, squinting zygomaticus - raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling) platysma - depresses mandible, pulls lower lip back and down |
front 15 orbicularis oris - frontalis - masseter - | back 15 orbicularis oris - closes mouth, purses lips (kissing) frontalis - raises eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead masseter - closes jaw, elevates mandible |
front 16 sternocleidomastoid - deltoid - pectoralis major - | back 16 sternocleidomastoid - flexes neck (together); rotates head toward opposite shoulder (individually) deltoid - prime mover of arm abduction pectoralis major - arm flexion, adducts and medially rotates arm |
front 17 rectus abdominis - trapezius - latissimus dorsi - | back 17 rectus abdominis - flexes vertebral column, fixes and depresses ribs, stabilizes pelvis during walking trapezius - extends head, retracts scapula, elevates and depresses scapula (shrug shoulders) latissimus dorsi - prime mover of arm extension; adducts and medially rotates arm |
front 18 erector spinae - triceps brachii - biceps brachii - | back 18 erector spinae - extends and abducts vertebral column triceps brachii -extension of forearm biceps brachii - flexion of forearm, supination of forearm |
front 19 flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis - | back 19 flexor carpi radialis - wrist flexion, abducts hand flexor carpi ulnaris - wrist flexion, adducts hand flexor digitorum superficialis - flexes wrist and phalanges of fingers 2-5 |
front 20 flexor pollicis longus - extensor carpi ulnaris - carpi radialis longus – | back 20 flexor pollicis longus - flexes thumb extensor carpi ulnaris - extends and adducts wrist extensor carpi radialis longus – extends and abducts wrist |
front 21 extensor digitorum - extensor pollicis longus - iliopsoas - | back 21 extensor digitorum - finger extension extensor pollicis longus - extends thumb iliopsoas - flex trunk on thigh, hip flexor |
front 22 tensor fasciae latae - sartorius - rectus femoris - | back 22 tensor fasciae latae - flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh sartorius - flexes and laterally rotates thigh (cross-legged sitting) rectus femoris - extends knee and flexes thigh at hip adductor |
front 23 longus – gluteus maximus - biceps femoris - | back 23 longus – adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh gluteus maximus - hip extensor, laterally rotates thigh biceps femoris - extends thigh, flexes knee, laterally rotates leg |
front 24 gastrocnemius - flexor digitorum longus - flexor hallucis longus - | back 24 gastrocnemius - flexion of knee when foot is dorsiflexed flexor digitorum longus - flexes toes; plantarflexes and inverts foot flexor hallucis longus - flexes great toe; pushes off when walking |
front 25 fibularis longus - tibialis posterior - tibialis anterior - | back 25 fibularis longus - plantarflexes and everts foot tibialis posterior - inversion and plantarflexion of foot tibialis anterior - dorsiflexes and inverts foot |
front 26 extensor digitorum longus - extensor hallucis longus - | back 26 extensor digitorum longus - toe extension; dorsiflexes and everts foot extensor hallucis longus - extends great toe |