front 1 Microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence but that do not produce disease under normal conditions are called | back 1 Normal microbiota, or normal flora. |
front 2 Microbiota that may be present for several days, weeks, or months and then disappear | back 2 Transient microbiota |
front 3 Is microbiota found throughout the entire body? | back 3 No, just localized in certain regions. |
front 4 What are some factors that determine distribution and composition of the normal microbiota? | back 4 Nutrients, physical and chemical factors, the host's defenses, and mechanical factors. |
front 5 What kind of nutrients can microbes use as an energy source? | back 5 It varies, but a microbe will not colonize a body part that cannot supply the appropriate nutrients. |
front 6 What may nutrients be derived from? | back 6 Dead cells, food in the gastrointestinal tract, secretory and excretory products of cells, and substances in body fluids. |
front 7 What are some physical and chemical factors that affect the growth of microbes and thus the growth and composition of normal microbiota? | back 7 Temperature, pH, available oxygen and carbon dioxide, salinity, and sunlight. |
front 8 What are some of the host's factors that affect normal microbiota? | back 8 Age, nutritional status, diet, health status, disability, hospitalization, stress, climate, geography, personal hygiene, living conditions, occupation, and lifestyle. |
front 9 Once established, the normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful organisms. This is called | back 9 Microbial antagonism, or competitive exclusion. |
front 10 How does normal microbiota protect the host from harmful microorganisms? | back 10 They compete for nutrients, produce substances harmful to the invading microbes, and affect pH and available oxygen. |
front 11 What can result when the balance between normal microbiota and pathogenic microbes is upset? | back 11 Disease. |
front 12 The relationship between normal microbiota and the host is called | back 12 Symbiosis, the relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other. |
front 13 In which symbiotic relationship is one organism unaffected while the other benefits? | back 13 Commensalism. |
front 14 A type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms is called | back 14 Mutualism. |
front 15 Many disease-causing bacteria benefit by deriving nutrients at the expense of the host called | back 15 Parasitism. |
front 16 Some microbes don't cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment. This is called | back 16 Opportunistic pathogens. |
front 17 What is an example of commensalism? | back 17 Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria on the skin. |
front 18 What is an example of mutualism? | back 18 E. coli in the large intestine |
front 19 What is an example of parasitism? | back 19 H1N1 virus particles on a host cell. |
front 20 What is the basic summary of Koch's postulates? | back 20 1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. |
front 21 What are some exceptions to Koch's postulates? | back 21 Some microbes have unique culture requirements, such as rickettsial and viral pathogens which cannot be cultured on artificial media. Some pathogens can cause several diseases. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans, such as HIV. |
front 22 Changes in body functions, such as pain and general discomfort, that are felt by a patient as a result of disease. These are NOT apparent to an observer. | back 22 Symptoms |
front 23 Changes in a body, such as swelling and fever, that can be measured or observed as a result of disease. | back 23 Signs |
front 24 A disease in which an infected person transmits an infectious agent either directly or indirectly, to another person who in turn becomes infected. Chickenpox, measles and influenza are examples. | back 24 Communicable disease. |
front 25 A disease that is very communicable and able to be spread easily and rapidly from one person to another, such as chickenpox. | back 25 Contagious disease. |
front 26 Number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period (rate). It indicates the spread of the disease. | back 26 Incidence. |
front 27 The number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared. This takes into account both old and new cases. | back 27 Prevalence. |
front 28 A particular disease that occurs occasionally, such as Typhoid fever in the US. | back 28 Sporadic disease |
front 29 A disease constantly present in a population, such as the common cold. | back 29 Endemic disease |
front 30 If many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period, it is called | back 30 An epidemic disease. |
front 31 What disease often reaches epidemic status? | back 31 Influenza |
front 32 An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide | back 32 Pandemic disease. |
front 33 When many immune people are present in a community, what exists? | back 33 Herd immunity. |
front 34 Who benefits from herd immunity? | back 34 People who can't be vaccinated. |
front 35 An infection in which the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body. Some examples are boils or abscesses. | back 35 A local infection |
front 36 Microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph. An example is measles. | back 36 Systemic (generalized) infection |
front 37 Very often, agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body, where they are confined to specific areas of the body. They can arise from infections in teeth, tonsils, or sinuses. | back 37 Focal infection |
front 38 A toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection. | back 38 Sepsis |
front 39 The presence of bacteria in the blood is called | back 39 bacteremia. |
front 40 What are some predisposing facts that make the body more susceptible to disease? | back 40 Gender, inherited traits (sickle cell gene), climate and weather, fatigue, age, lifestyle, nutrition, and chemotherapy. |
front 41 The general term of any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection. | back 41 Fomite |
front 42 The passive transport of pathogens on an insect's feet or other body parts, i.e. flies carrying typhoid fever or dysentery. | back 42 Mechanical transmission |
front 43 How does biological transmission occur? | back 43 An arthropod bites an infected person or animal and ingests some of the infected blood. The pathogens reproduce in the vector, and the increase in the number of pathogens increases the possibility that they will be transmitted to another host. |
front 44 Infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions at a health care facility. | back 44 Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) or nosocomial infections |
front 45 According to the CDC, how many people are estimated to have at least one HAI? | back 45 1 in 25. |
front 46 In the United States, approximately how many people contract HAIs per year? | back 46 2 million. |
front 47 What are some factors that contribute to HAIs? | back 47 1. Microorganisms in the hospital environment. 2. The compromised (weakened) status of the host. 3. The chain of transmission in the hospital. |
front 48 What are the two most common HAIs? | back 48 Urinary tract infection and surgical infections. |
front 49 What are some means of prevention for HAIs? | back 49 1. Reducing the number of pathogens by handwashing, cleaning and disinfecting tubs and instruments, using disposable bandages and intubations. 2. An infection control committee. |
front 50 What are some factors that affect the emergence of infectious diseases? | back 50 New strains, travel, the overuse of antibiotics and pesticides, changes in weather patterns, ecological changes of a region, animal control measures, failures in public health measures. |
front 51 The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations is called | back 51 Epidemiology |