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Activity 1: Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart and Using the Heart Model to Study Heart Anatomy

front 1

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

back 1

Transportation

front 2

What is used as the transport vehicle in the cardiovascular system?

back 2

Blood

front 3

Blood can carry what 4 essential substances?

back 3

1. Oxygen

2. Digested foods

3. Cell wastes

4. Electrolytes

front 4

What is the cardiovascular system's propulsive force?

back 4

Heart

front 5

The heart can be compared to what type of pump with what type of valves?

back 5

One-way pump with one-way valves

front 6

When the heart contracts, where does it force the blood?

back 6

It forces the blood into the blood vessels

front 7

The heart is about the size of what body part?

back 7

A closed fist

front 8

Where is the heart located?

back 8

Within the mediastinum of the thorax

front 9

The heart is flanked laterally by the ____, posteriorly by the ____, and anteriorly by the ____.

back 9

1. Lungs

2. Vertebral column

3. Sternum

front 10

Describe the apex of the heart. (Hint: How it looks like?)

back 10

It is sharp.

front 11

The apex slightly extends to which side of the body and rests on what organ?

back 11

Slightly extends to the left and rest on the diaphragm

front 12

The apex is approximately aligned at which intercostal space?

back 12

The 5th intercostal space

front 13

What emerges from the base of the heart?

back 13

The great blood vessels

front 14

The base of the heart lies beneath what rib and points toward what body feature ?

back 14

Lies beneath the second rib and points toward the right shoulder

front 15

The heart is enclosed within what structure?

back 15

Pericardium

front 16

What type of sac is the pericardium?

back 16

Double-walled sac

front 17

The pericardium has how many layers?

back 17

3

front 18

What are the 3 layers of pericardium covering the heart? (Hint: from most external to most internal)

back 18

1. Fibrous pericardium

2. Parietal pericardium

3. Visceral pericardium

front 19

The visceral pericardium is also called by what name?

back 19

Epicardium

front 20

How is the epicardium adhered to the heart muscle?

back 20

Closely adhered to the heart muscle

front 21

How loose is the parietal pericardium adhered to the heart muscle?

back 21

Loosely adhered

front 22

The parietal pericardium is attached at the heart apex to what structure?

back 22

Diaphragm

front 23

Which layer of the pericardium produces serous fluid?

back 23

Parietal pericardium

front 24

What is the function of the serous fluid produced by the parietal pericardium?

back 24

Allow the heart to beat without friction

front 25

The serous parietal pericardium lines what layer of the pericardium?

back 25

Fibrous pericardium

front 26

The fibrous pericardium is composed of what type of tissue?

back 26

dense connective tissue

front 27

How is the fibrous pericardium adhered to the heart muscle?

back 27

Loosely adhered

front 28

The walls of the actual heart are composed of how many layers?

back 28

3

front 29

What are the 3 walls of the actual heart (from outermost to innermost)?

back 29

1. Epicardium aka visceral pericardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

front 30

What wall of heart is the thickest layer?

back 30

Myocardium

front 31

The myocardium is composed mainly of what muscle type?

back 31

Cardiac muscle

front 32

The myocardium is then reinforced with what type of tissue?

back 32

Dense irregular connective tissue

front 33

The dense irregular connective tissue that lines the myocardium is also called what?

back 33

Cardiac skeleton

front 34

The cardiac skeleton (comprised of dense irregular connective tissue) that lines the myocardium is thicker around which 2 features of the heart?

back 34

1. Heart valves

2. Base of the great vessels

front 35

The endocardium covers what and is continuous with what?

back 35

Covers the heart valves and is continuous with the inner lining of the great vessels

front 36

The endocardium is composed of what epithelium?

back 36

Simple squamous epithelium

front 37

The endocardium rests on what type of tissue?

back 37

Areolar connective tissue

front 38

The heart is divided into how many chambers?

back 38

4

front 39

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

back 39

2 atria and 2 ventricles

front 40

What structure divides the heart longitudinally?

back 40

Interventricular or interatrial septum

front 41

The interventricular septum divides what 2 chambers?

back 41

The 2 ventricles

front 42

The interatrial septum divides what 2 chambers?

back 42

The 2 atria

front 43

Functionally, the atria act as what type of chambers and are ineffective as what?

back 43

Act as receiving chambers and are ineffective as pumps

front 44

Which 2 chambers form the bulk of the heart?

back 44

The 2 ventricles

front 45

The 2 ventricles act as what type of chambers functionally?

back 45

Discharging chambers

front 46

What is the function of the ventricles in regards to blood?

back 46

They force blood out of the heart and into the large arteries that emerge from the base.

front 47

The heart has how many valves?

back 47

4

front 48

The 4 valves of the heart enforce what type of blood flow?

back 48

One-way blood flow

front 49

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are located between what chambers?

back 49

Between atria and ventricles

front 50

What are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves?

back 50

1. Tricuspid valve

2. Mitral or bicuspid valve

front 51

The semilunar (SL) valves are located between what 2 features of the heart?

back 51

1. Ventricles

2. Great vessels

front 52

What are the 2 semilunar (SL) valves?

back 52

1. Pulmonary (SL) valve

2. Aortic (SL) valve

front 53

What is the right atrioventricular (AV) valve?

back 53

Tricuspid valve

front 54

The tricuspid valve has how many flaplike cusps?

back 54

3

front 55

The 3 flaplike cusps of the tricuspid valve are anchored to what type of muscles?

back 55

Papillary muscles

front 56

Which chambers are papillary muscles found?

back 56

In the 2 ventricles

front 57

The tricuspid valve anchored to the papillary muscles by what structure?

back 57

By chordae tendineae

front 58

What is left atrioventricular (AV) valve called?

back 58

Mitral valve or bicuspid valve

front 59

The bicuspid valve has how many flaplike cusps?

back 59

2

front 60

The bicuspid valve anchored to the papillary muscles by what structure?

back 60

Chordae tendineae

front 61

When the AV valves are open and hang into the ventricles, and the ventricles are relaxed, blood is permitted to flow into which chambers?

back 61

The 2 atria and the 2 ventricles

front 62

When does the ventricles contract?

back 62

When they fill up with blood

front 63

When the ventricles contract, what happens to the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

back 63

They move superiorly to separate the atria and ventricles.

front 64

How does the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent the backlow of blood?

back 64

The chordae tendineae are pulled tight by the contracting papillary muscles to anchor the cusps in the closed position. This prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria.

front 65

The pulmonary (SL) valve has how many cusps?

back 65

3 cusps

front 66

The pulmonary (SL) valve is located between what 2 heart structures?

back 66

1. Right ventricle

2. Pulmonary trunk

front 67

The aortic (SL) valve has how many cusps?

back 67

3

front 68

The aortic (SL) valve is located between what 2 heart structures?

back 68

1. Left ventricle

2. Aorta

front 69

When are the SL valves opened and flattened against the wall of the vessel?

back 69

During contraction of the ventricles that pushes blood into the great vessels

front 70

1. When do the SL valves close and their cusps fill up with blood?

2. How do the SL valves close?

back 70

1. When the ventricles relax

2.The flow of blood back toward the ventricle creates pressure that closes the cusps, closing the valves as well.

front 71

The closing of the SL valves prevents backflow of blood from what 2 heart features?

back 71

Prevents backflow of blood from the great vessels into the ventricles.

front 72

Name the missing parts.

Heart external anterior view

back 72

front 73

Name the missing parts.

Heart frontal section

back 73

front 74

Name the missing parts.

Heart external posterior view

back 74

front 75

Name the missing parts.

External posterior view

back 75

front 76

Name the missing parts.

External posterior view

back 76

front 77

Name the missing parts.

External posterior view

back 77

front 78

Name the missing parts.

External anterior view

back 78

front 79

Name the missing parts.

Frontal section

back 79