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Anatomy Muscle Lecture Exam study guide

front 1

What muscles if any have the ability to regenerate?

back 1

Smooth muscle

front 2

Know the different muscle types, and know what most skeletal muscles contain of these types.

back 2

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue. Most contain smooth muscle tissue

front 3

Know what myoglobin is

back 3

Myoglobin is an iron and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue

front 4

Know the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

back 4

The major role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to regulate intracellular levels of Ca2+

front 5

What is the latent period? Which step is this in the process?

back 5

Ca+2 is being released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Slack is being removed from elastic components. 1st step

front 6

What is the contraction period? Which step is this in the process?

back 6

Lasts 10-100 msec. Filaments slide past each other. 2nd step

front 7

What is the relaxation period? Which step is this in the process?

back 7

lasts 10-100 msec. Active transport of Ca+2 into SR. 3rd step

front 8

What is the refractory period? Which step is this in the process?

back 8

Muscle can not respond and has lost its excitability. 5 msec for skeletal and 300 msec for cardiac muscle. 4th step

front 9

Know the parts of a muscle twitch.

back 9

The latent, contraction, relaxation, and refractory periods

front 10

What is an isotonic contraction?

back 10

Two parts: concentric and eccentric contractions. This is moving a load

front 11

What is an isometric contraction?

back 11

A fixed position- no movement occurs

front 12

What is the function of creatine phosphate in the muscle cell.

back 12

Creatine phosphate transfers a high-energy phosphate to ADP

front 13

Know all of the steps of a muscle contraction.

back 13

ATP hydrolysis, attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges, power stroke, and detachment of myosin from actin.

front 14

What is endomysium?

back 14

A component of connective tissue that separates individual muscle cells

front 15

What is perimysium?

back 15

A component of connective tissue that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of 10-100 muscle cells

front 16

What is epimysium?

back 16

A component of connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

front 17

What is a fascicle?

back 17

A component of connective tissue that is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

front 18

What is rigor mortis and how does it occur.

back 18

This occurs 3-4 hours after death and lasts about 24 hours. Occurs because Ca+2 ions leak out of sarcoplasmic reticulum and allow myosin heads to bind to actin. They bind to actin until enzymes digest the decomposing cells

front 19

What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell.

back 19

The functional unit is the sarcomere

front 20

What is produced during anaerobic respiration.

back 20

ATP

front 21

Know the characteristics of smooth muscle.

back 21

It is attached to hair follicles in skin, in walls of hollow organs, nonstriated in appearance, and involuntary.

front 22

What are the properties of muscles.

back 22

Excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

front 23

What is muscle tone.

back 23

Involuntary contraction of a small number of motor units (alternately active and inactive in a constantly shifting pattern)

front 24

How is acetylcholine (ACh) broken down in the synaptic cleft.

back 24

Acetylcholinesterase

front 25

Identify these parts:

back 25

A is epimysium

B is endomysium

C is a muscle fiber/cell

D is a fascicle

E is perimysium

front 26

Identify the bands and structures in the picture:

back 26

A is the Z band

B is the H zone

C is the I band

D is the A band

E is the M line

front 27

Know the different types of levers. Know the examples of each lever.

back 27

First class, second class, and third class levers.

front 28

What is a first class lever and an example of it

back 28

This has the axis(fulcrum) located between the weight(resistance) and the force. An example of this is pliers or scissors. Where this may be is the joint between the head and the first vertebra. The weight (resistance) is the head, the axis is the joint, and the force can come from any posterior muscles that attach to the skull

front 29

What is a second class lever and an example of it

back 29

This has the weight (resistance) located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force. An example of this is a wheelbarrow. Where this may be is in the lower leg when someone stands on their toes. The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the heel by the calf muscles through the achilles tendon

front 30

What is a third class lever and an example of it

back 30

This is the most common in the body. In this, the force is applied between the resistance (weight) and the axis (fulcrum). An example is someone picking up a shovel or lifting weights. Where this is popular is in the elbow. The elbow joint is the axis (fulcrum), the resistance (weight) is the forearm, wrist, and hand, and the force is the bicep muscle when elbow is flexed.

front 31

Know the difference between a synergist, and antagonist, a fixator and an agonist (prime mover)

back 31

A synergist aids the action of agonists either by assisting with the movemnt or by reducing unnecessary movement

An antagonist opposes or reverses a movement

A fixator is a specialized synergist and it immobilizes the origin of a prime mover so all tension is at the insersion

Agonists (prime movers) are responsible for producing a particular movement

front 32

Know what the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps that forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the muscle.

back 32

The bicep has two heads, the tricep has three heads, and the quadriceps have four heads

front 33

Be able to draw and identify the various types of levers. Make sure you know the placement of the fulcrum, the load and the effort. FIRST CLASS

back 33

front 34

Be able to draw and identify the various types of levers. Make sure you know the placement of the fulcrum, the load and the effort. SECOND CLASS

back 34

front 35

Be able to draw and identify the various types of levers. Make sure you know the placement of the fulcrum, the load and the effort. THIRD CLASS

back 35

front 36

Identify the muscles

back 36

A is the levator scapulae

B is the trapezius

C is the teres major and minor

D is the infraspinatus

E is the latissimus dorsi

front 37

Identify the muscles

back 37

A is the sternocleidomastoid

B is the deltoid

C is the pectoral minor

D is the coracobrachialis

E is the external intercostal

front 38

Know what type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts.

back 38

A synergist

front 39

Name the muscles of the hamstrings.

back 39

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris.

front 40

What is flexion? Know general location on body

back 40

This is a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

front 41

What is abduction? Know general location on body

back 41

This is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.

front 42

What is adduction? Know general location on body

back 42

This is a movement towards the mid line. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.

front 43

What is extension? Know general location on body

back 43

This is a a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

front 44

How are muscles classified?

back 44

Voluntary or involuntary. Slow twitch or fast twitch

front 45

Know what muscles make up the abdomen in order.

back 45

The rectus abdominus, the external obliques, internal obliques, and the transversus abdominus

front 46

Name the chewing muscles

back 46

The masseter, pterygoids, and the temporalis

front 47

Know what makes up the quadriceps

back 47

The rectus femorus, the vastus lateralis, the vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius