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Activity 1: Anatomy of the Eye and Identifying Accessory Eye Structures

front 1

The adult human eye measures about how much in diameter?

back 1

2.5 cm (1 inch)

front 2

What fraction of the eye's anterior surface is observable?

back 2

1/6th

front 3

The remaining 5/6th of the eye that is not observable is enclosed and protected by what 2 features?

back 3

1. A cushion of fat

2. The walls of the bony orbit

front 4

What are the 5 accessory structures of the eye?

back 4

1. Eyebrows

2. Eyelids

3. Conjunctivae

4. Lacrimal apparatus

5. Extrinsic eye muscles

front 5

What is the anterior white of the eye called?

back 5

Bulbar conjunctiva

front 6

The eyebrows are located where?

back 6

On the supraorbital margins

front 7

What are the 2 functions of the eyebrows?

back 7

1. Shade the eyes

2. Prevent sweat from entering the eyes

front 8

What are the 2 functions of the eyelids?

back 8

1. Protect the eyes

2. Spread lacrimal fluid (tears) with blinking

front 9

An eyelid is also called what?

back 9

Palpebral conjunctiva

front 10

The tarsal glands are modified from what type of glands?

back 10

Modified sebaceous glands

front 11

1. What is the function of the tarsal glands?

2. Where can the tarsal glands be found?

back 11

1. Secrete an oily secretion to lubricate the surface of the eye.

2. Embedded in the tarsal plate of the eyelid.

front 12

1. Ciliary glands are what 2 types of glands?

2. Where may ciliary glands be found?

back 12

1. They are...

  • Sebaceous glands
  • Modified sweat glands

2. Found between the eyelash follicles

front 13

What is the function of the ciliary glands?

back 13

Secrete an oily secretion that lubricates the eye surface and the eyelashes

front 14

An infection of the ciliary gland is called what?

back 14

Sty

front 15

What is the conjunctivae?

back 15

A clear mucous membrane

front 16

The conjunctivae lines what 2 features?

back 16

1. Eyelids (palpebral conjunctivae)

2. Bulbar conjunctiva (anterior white of the eye)

front 17

What is the function of the conjunctivae?

back 17

Secrete mucus to lubricate the eye

front 18

Inflammation of the conjunctivae results in what disease?

back 18

Conjunctivitis (aka pinkeye)

front 19

What are medial and lateral commissures?

back 19

Junctions where the eyelids meet medially and laterally

front 20

1. What is the function of the medial and lateral commissures?

2. Which commissure contains the lacrimal caruncle?

back 20

1. Form the corners of the eyes.

2. Medial commissure

front 21

The lacrimal caruncle contains what 2 types of glands?

back 21

1. Sebaceous glands

2. Sweat glands

front 22

What is the function of the lacrimal caruncle?

back 22

Secretes an oily secretion for lubrication of the eye.

front 23

The lacrimal apparatus includes what 2 structures of the eye?

back 23

1. Lacrimal glands

2. Excretory ducts of lacrimal glands

front 24

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

back 24

Protects the eye by keeping it moist.

front 25

What is the function of the excretory ducts of lacrimal glands?

back 25

Allow lacrimal fluid to enter the surface of the eye.

front 26

What action spreads the lacrimal fluid?

back 26

Blinking

front 27

Describe the lacrimal gland's location in 2 ways in regard to the orbit of the eye.

back 27

1. Located in the superior aspect of the eye orbit

2. Located in the lateral aspect of the eye orbit

front 28

What is the function of the lacrimal gland?

back 28

Secretes lacrimal fluid

front 29

Lacrimal fluid contains what 3 products?

back 29

1. Mucus

2. Antibodies

3. Lysozyme

front 30

What are the lacrimal puncta and where may they be found?

back 30

2 tiny openings on the medial margin of each eyelid.

front 31

What is the function of the lacrimal puncta?

back 31

Allow lacrimal fluid to drain into the superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi

front 32

What are the lacrimal canaliculi?

back 32

Two canals (superior and inferior) that are located on the eyelids

front 33

What is the function of the lacrimal canaliculi?

back 33

Drain lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal sac

front 34

Where is the lacrimal sac located?

back 34

In the medial orbital wall

front 35

What is the function of the lacrimal sac?

back 35

Allow lacrimal fluid to drain into the nasolacrimal duct

front 36

What is the nasolacrimal duct and what cavity does it empty into?

back 36

It is a single tube that empties into the nasal cavity

front 37

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

back 37

Allows lacrimal fluid to flow into the nasal cavity

front 38

1. How many extrinsic eye muscles are there?

2. What are the extrinsic eye muscles then?

back 38

1. 6

2. The extrinsic eye muscles are...

  • 4 recti muscles
  • 2 oblique muscles

front 39

What is the function of the lateral rectus eye muscle?

back 39

Moves eye laterally

front 40

What is the function of the medial rectus eye muscle?

back 40

Moves eye medially

front 41

What are the 2 functions of the superior rectus eye muscle?

back 41

1. Elevates eye

2. Turns it medially

front 42

What are the 2 functions of the inferior rectus eye muscle?

back 42

1. Depresses eye

2. Turns it medially

front 43

What are the 2 functions of the inferior oblique eye muscle?

back 43

1. Elevates eye

2. Turns it laterally

front 44

What are the 2 functions of the superior oblique eye muscle?

back 44

1. Depresses eye

2. Turns it laterally

front 45

Ask an individual to look to the left and follow his/her eyes. What extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for this action?

Right eye:

Left eye:

back 45

Right eye: medial, superior, and inferior rectus eye muscles

Left eye: lateral rectus, inferior and superior oblique eye muscles

front 46

What are the 2 fibrous layers or external layers of the eye?

back 46

1. Sclera

2. Cornea

front 47

The sclera is made out of what type of tissue?

back 47

connective tissue

front 48

The sclera forms what part of the eye?

back 48

"white of the eye"

front 49

What are the 2 functions of the sclera?

back 49

1. Maintain the shape of the eyeball

2. Provides attachment point for extrinsic eye muscles

front 50

The cornea is a modified structure of what layer of the eye?

back 50

Sclera

front 51

What is the function of the cornea?

back 51

The major light bending (refracting) medium of the eye

front 52

What are the 7 vascular layers or middle layers of the eye?

back 52

1. Choroid

2. Ciliary body

3. Ciliary muscle

4. Ciliary process

5. Ciliary zonule

6. Iris

7. Pupil

front 53

The choroid is rich in what type of vessels, and how is it colored?

back 53

blood vessels and is pigmented darkly

front 54

What are the 2 functions of the choroid?

back 54

1. The blood vessels nourish the other layers of the eye

2. The melanin helps to absorb excess light

front 55

The ciliary body is a modification of what layer of the eye and encircles which eye feature?

back 55

A modification of the choroid and encircles the lens

front 56

The ciliary body contains what 2 ciliary features of the eyes?

back 56

1. Ciliary muscle

2. Ciliary process

front 57

The ciliary muscle is what type of muscle?

back 57

Smooth muscle

front 58

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

back 58

Alters the shape of the lens with contraction and relaxation

front 59

The ciliary process is made up of folds of which muscle?

back 59

Made up of radiating folds of the ciliary muscle.

front 60

What is the function of the ciliary process?

back 60

Capillaries of the ciliary process form the aqueous humor

front 61

Aqueous humor is formed from the filtration of what?

back 61

Plasma

front 62

The ciliary zonule is made up of what, extends from what eye feature, and surrounds what part of the eye?

back 62

Made up of protein fibers, extends from the ciliary process around the lens

front 63

What is the function of the ciliary zonule?

back 63

Attaches the lens to the ciliary process

front 64

Is the iris pigmented?

back 64

Yes

front 65

The iris consists of what 2 groups of muscles?

back 65

1. Sphincter pupillae

2. Dilator pupillae

front 66

The sphincter and dilater pupillae muscles in the iris are what type of muscle?

back 66

Smooth muscle

front 67

What is the function of the iris?

back 67

Controls the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil diameter.

front 68

Which muscle contracts to constrict the pupil?

back 68

Sphincter pupillae

front 69

Which muscle contract to dilate the pupil?

back 69

Dilator pupillae

front 70

What is the pupil in regard to the iris?

back 70

The opening of the iris.

front 71

What is the function of the pupil?

back 71

Allows light to enter.

front 72

What are the 2 inner layers or retina layers?

back 72

1. Pigmented layer of the retina

2. Neural layer of the retina

front 73

What is the thicker, outer layer of the retina?

back 73

The pigmented layer of the retina

front 74

The outer, pigmented layer of the retina is composed of how many layers of what type of pigment cells?

back 74

A single layer of melanocytes (pigment cells)

front 75

What are the 2 functions of the outer, pigmented layer of the retina?

back 75

1. Absorbs light

2. Prevent it from scattering in the eye

front 76

Pigment cells like melanocytes also have 2 functions. What are they?

back 76

1. Cleaning up cell debris.

2. Store vitamin A for photoreceptor renewal.

front 77

What is the thinner, inner layer of the retina?

back 77

The neural layer of the retina

front 78

The thinner, inner layer of the retina is composed of what 3 main types of neurons?

back 78

1. Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

2. Bipolar cells/neurons

3. Ganglion cells/neurons

front 79

What is the function of the inner, neural layer of the retina?

back 79

The photoreceptor cells (rods and/or cones) in the aforementioned layer respond to light and convert the light energy into action potentials that travel to the primary visual cortex of the brain.

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