Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by __________.

choroid plexuses

Reabsorption of CSF occurs via the __________ into the superior sagittal sinus.

arachnoid villi

What dural sinus enters the jugular foramen and continues as the internal jugular vein?

sigmoid sinus

The __________ is derived from the diencephalon portion of the lumen of the neural tube.

third ventricle

What artery or arteries pass through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

vertebral arteries

Place these potential/actual spaces in order from SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP.

• Subarachnoid space
• Epidural space (extradural)
• Subdural space

Epidural space, subdural space, & subarachnoid space

what are the three cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what are the two layers of dura mater in the skull, from superficial to deep?

periosteal layer and meningeal layer

which layer of dura mater is continuous in the vertebral sheath of spinal cord? which layer of dura mater is absent in the spinal cord?

meningeal layer; periosteal layer

which layer of dura mater forms the dural septa?

meningeal layer

what is dural septa?

double layered folds of dura mater that insert into fissures

what are the three dural septa of the brain?

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

crescent-shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain

falx cerebri

meningeal layer that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

function of the dural septa?

prevent excess movement, like packaging material

meningeal layer that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebelli

the falx cerebri contains which two dural venous sinuses? where are they located?

superior sagittal sinus runs on superior edge and inferior sagittal sinus located on inferior edge

the tentorium cerebelli houses which dural venous sinus?

transverse sinus

label

space where layers of dura mater separate are

dural venous sinuses

what in contained in the dural venous sinuses?

venous blood from the veins of the brain and CSF returned from the subarachnoid space

be able to make dural venous sinus chart

define arachnoid granulations/villi

projections of the arachnoid villi into the dural sinuses that allow CSF entrance from the subarachnoid space into the venous system.

label

which sinus is situated on the inferior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

inferior petrous sinus

name the two potential and on actual meningeal spaces of the brain

potential: epidural and subdural

actual: subarachnoid

space between the skull and dura mater of the brain

extradural/epidural

space between dura mater and arachnoid mater of the brain

subdural space

space between arachnoid and pia mater of the brain

subarachnoid space

location of CSF and blood vessels around the brain

subarachnoid space

what type of blood would be gathering in the case of an extradural hematoma? which blood vessel is damaged?

arterial blood; the middle meningeal artery is damaged in most situations

what type of blood is building up in a subdural hemorrhage

venous blood

what type of fluid is building up in a subarchnoid hemorrhage

CSF

_____ arise from the lumen of the neural tube (ie neural canal)

ventricles

which ventricle arises from the telencephalon?

the paired C shaped lateral ventricles

which neural tube gives rise to the third ventricle

diencephalon

which ventricle arises from the mesencephalon

cerebral aquaduct

from which neural tubes does the fourth ventricle arise?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

what forms the central canal?

lumen associated with the neural tube which will become the spinal cord

label

what forms CSF and where is it found?

a choroid plexus forms CSF and there is choroid plexus found in all ventricles

what type of cells is choroid plexus made of?

modified ependymal cells

what are the three functions of CSF

shock absorber for brain

transports nutrients and removal of waste in deep brain

helps maintain proper ion balance in neural tissue

what is the order of the of CSF through the ventricles?

what is hydrocephalus

it is caused by obstruction of circulation of CSF

leads to accumulation of fluid

compresses the brain/pushes skull outward in babies

what are the two major pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?

vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

which arteries supply the posterior circulation of the brain?

the vertebral arteries

which arteries do the vertebral arteries branch off of?

subclavian

which major arteries enter the skull through the foramen magnum?

vertebral arteries

which artery supplying blood to the brain branches off the common carotid arteries?

internal carotid arteries

the internal carotid arteries supply the anterior or posterior circulation of the brain

anterior

what is the pathway for the internal carotid arteries to enter the skull?

enter the skull through the carotid canal and then through the internal opening of the foramen lucerum

label

label

draw and label

PCA = posterior cereberal

SCA = superior cerebellar

PICA = posterior inferior cerebellar artery

AICA = anterior inferior cerebellar artery

what are the major branches of the internal carotid artery

anterior cerebral

middle cerebral

posterior communicating

which branch of the internal carotid artery is located in the longitudinal fissure and wraps around the corpus callosum?

anterior cerebral artery

which branch of the internal carotid artery passes through the lateral fissure to supply the lateral aspect of the brain?

middle cerebral artery

which artery branching off the internal carotid artery connects anterior and posterior circulation of the brain?

posterior communicating artery

what are the major branches of the vertebral artery?

posterior inferior cerebellar

anterior spinal

basilar

what are the branches of the basilar artery?

anterior inferior cerebellar

pontine

labyrinthine

superior cerebellar

posterior cerebral

which artery feeds the anterior portion of the spinal cord?

anterior spinal artery

which arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

anterior communicating artery

anterior cerebral artery

internal carotid artery

posterior communicating artery

posterior cerebral artery

which artery is a terminal branch of the internal carotid and supplies most of the medial and superior surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres (specifically on the frontal and parietal lobes)

anterior cerebral artery

out of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, which feeds the more lateral aspects of the brain and which feed the more medial

medial = anterior and posterior

lateral = middle

the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery which passes between the temporal and frontal lobes to reach the lateral part of the cerebral hemispheres

middle cerebral artery

if you had upper limb, face, and tongue deficits due to a stroke, which artery would you think was damaged?

middle cerebral artery

if you had lower limb deficits due to a stroke, which artery would you think was damaged?

anterior cerebral artery

which artery is being described here?

posterior cerebral

if vision loss occurs after a stroke, damage to which blood vessel may have occurred?

posterior cerebral artery

it supplies all of the occipital lobe, which is responsible for vision

Be able to draw complete bloodflow pattern in brain