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A&P Ch15

front 1

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

back 1

cortisol

front 2

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

back 2

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

front 3

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

back 3

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

front 4

Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

back 4

TH

front 5

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

back 5

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

front 6

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

back 6

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

front 7

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

back 7

phosphodiesterase

front 8

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

back 8

tyrosine kinase receptors

front 9

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

back 9

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

front 10

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

back 10

IP3

front 11

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

back 11

β receptors

front 12

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________.

back 12

humoral stimuli

Some endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients. These stimuli are called humoral stimuli to distinguish them from hormonal stimuli, which are also bloodborne chemicals.

front 13

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

back 13

Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema.

front 14

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?

back 14

antidiuretic hormone

front 15

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

back 15

TH

front 16

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

back 16

parathyroid hormone/calcitonin

front 17

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces?

back 17

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

front 18

When blood glucose levels are high

back 18

The pancreas releases insulin.

front 19

A liver cell responds to insulin by

back 19

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

front 20

A liver cell responds to insulin by

back 20

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

front 21

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

back 21

Liver cells

front 22

Body cells that respond to insulin include

back 22

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

front 23

When blood glucose levels are low

back 23

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

front 24

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

back 24

homeostasis.

front 25

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels?

back 25

insulin

Insulin, produced by the pancreatic beta cells, lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into body cells, inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and inhibiting the conversion of amino acids and fats to glucose.

front 26

Adrenocortical androgens are normally converted in females into estrogens. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______.

back 26

insufficient level of enzymes that convert androgens into estrogens

During the end steps of sex hormone, synthesis androstendione is converted into either testosterone or estrogen. If the body lacks the enzyme to convert androstendione to estrogen, the remaining pathway to testosterone will predominate.

front 27

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______.

back 27

increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a lack of insulin in the body. Insulin functions to lower blood glucose levels by enhancing the transport of glucose from the systemic circulation into cells. ADH is secreted in response to high blood osmolarity (too high solutes or too little water) in the blood. This hormone functions to increase the resorption of water by the kidneys, which dilutes the blood.

front 28

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

back 28

cAMP in the cytoplasm

Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

front 29

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

back 29

plasma membrane receptors

Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

front 30

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

back 30

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

The blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body.

front 31

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

back 31

Phosphorylate proteins.

Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.

front 32

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

back 32

phosphodiesterase

Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.

front 33

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

back 33

phosphodiesterase

front 34

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

back 34

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Yes, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Stress and ACTH are the main stimuli for cortisol.

front 35

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

back 35

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Yes, neurohormones from the ventral hypothalamic neurons, known as releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and TSH.

front 36

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

back 36

GH (growth hormone)

Yes, GH stimulates IGFs from the liver. IGFs are required for the growth effect of GH on bone and skin.

front 37

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine (“letdown”) reflex?

back 37

oxytocin

Yes, suckling of the infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which causes the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions).

front 38

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

back 38

hypothalamus

Yes, ADH is synthesized mainly in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is stored in the posterior pituitary in axon terminals.

front 39

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

back 39

negative feedback

Yes, negative feedback controls the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. If levels are high, negative feedback will decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to some degree), thus decreasing the thyroid hormones.

front 40

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

back 40

epinephrine

Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

front 41

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

back 41

decreased insulin secretion

Yes, insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

front 42

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

back 42

heart palpitations

Yes, due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

front 43

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.”

back 43

Cushing’s disease

Yes, a patient with Cushing’s would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a “moon face.” These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

front 44

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

back 44

ADH (vasopressin)

Yes, ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.

front 45

target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

back 45

type 2 diabetes

front 46

no insulin is produced.

back 46

type 1 diabetes

front 47

glucose levels remain higher than normal.

back 47

both

front 48

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

back 48

thymus gland

front 49

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands?

back 49

They have ducts.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands.

front 50

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

back 50

adenoid

Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids and are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.

front 51

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

back 51

hormones

front 52

Which of the following mechanisms of hormone action is used by neurotransmitters and olfactory receptors?

back 52

cAMP

cAMP is the hormone mechanism used by neurotransmitters and olfactory receptors.

front 53

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

back 53

synergism

Synergism of hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.

front 54

__________ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

back 54

Permissiveness

Permissiveness occurs when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

front 55

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called __________.

back 55

tropins

Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

front 56

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

back 56

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors.

front 57

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

back 57

prolactin

Prolactin (PL) stimulates the mammary glands of the breasts to produce milk.

front 58

What is the primary function of hormones?

back 58

alter cell activity

The primary function of hormones is to alter cell activity by altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes or regulating molecules, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

front 59

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?

back 59

enzymatic

Enzymes are not triggers in the release of hormones.

front 60

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction?

back 60

feedback

front 61

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

back 61

stimulates production of an action potential

front 62

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

back 62

direct control of the nervous system

front 63

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

back 63

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

front 64

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

back 64

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

front 65

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

back 65

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

front 66

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

back 66

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

front 67

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.

back 67

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

front 68

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

back 68

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

front 69

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

back 69

humoral stimulation

front 70

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.

back 70

second messengers

front 71

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?

back 71

epinephrine

front 72

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.

back 72

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

front 73

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.

back 73

up-regulation

front 74

Eicosanoids do not include ________.

back 74

hydrocortisones

front 75

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

back 75

enzyme

front 76

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

back 76

It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

front 77

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid–based hormones?

back 77

calcium

front 78

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?

back 78

type of hormone

front 79

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

back 79

F

front 80

All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.

back 80

T

front 81

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

back 81

T

front 82

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism (individual in the center of this image)?

back 82

growth hormone (GH)

front 83

What gland secretes growth hormone?

back 83

anterior pituitary (lobe)

front 84

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (lobe)?

back 84

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

front 85

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland?

back 85

Graves' disease

The most common hyperthyroid pathology is an autoimmune disease called Graves' disease. In this condition, a person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicle cells.

front 86

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys?

back 86

adrenal

front 87

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

back 87

T

front 88

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.

back 88

T

front 89

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

back 89

interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary

Specialized neurons of hypothalamus, called the periventricular nuclei, produce anti-diuretic hormone. Then it is transported, stored, or released from axon endings located in the posterior pitutary.

front 90

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

back 90

positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary

Acromegaly is a disorder in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues gradually enlarge. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone).

front 91

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______.

back 91

hyposecretion of dopamine

Dopamine functions as a prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

front 92

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary?

back 92

ADH

oxytocin

HGH

none of these

None of the hormones given is produced by the posterior pituitary.

front 93

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

back 93

hormonal stimuli

The anterior pituitary requires hormonal stimuli from the hypothalamus.

front 94

Why does antidiuretic hormone help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid?

back 94

It causes reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased blood water volume and a decreased solute concentration.

front 95

ADH ________.

back 95

is inhibited by alcohol

front 96

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

back 96

hypophyseal portal system

front 97

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

back 97

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

front 98

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

back 98

bones and skeletal muscles

front 99

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.

back 99

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

front 100

91. ACTH ________.

back 100

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

front 101

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

back 101

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

front 102

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

back 102

is partly contained within the infundibulum

front 103

Oxytocin ________.

back 103

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

front 104

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

back 104

F

front 105

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

back 105

F

front 106

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

back 106

T

front 107

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

back 107

T

front 108

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

back 108

T

front 109

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

back 109

F

front 110

You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following?

back 110

Graves' disease

Graves' disease occurs due to hyperthyroidism. Iodine is an important precursor for the production of thyroid hormone.

front 111

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of iodine and calcium.

back 111

F

front 112

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

back 112

T

front 113

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.

back 113

F

front 114

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

back 114

humoral

front 115

Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism?

back 115

neurons become more excitable and tingling sensations

front 116

What cells release parathyroid hormone?

back 116

parathyroid cells

front 117

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."

back 117

T

front 118

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.

back 118

apoptosis of chief cells

failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells

All of the listed responses are correct.

Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. It functions to stimulate osteoclast activity, enhances the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and increases absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosal cells.

front 119

Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

back 119

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

front 120

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

back 120

parathyroid hormone

front 121

What hormone, notated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

back 121

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

front 122

The anatomical effects of acromegaly can usually be reversed by surgically removing the tumor from the anterior pituitary.

back 122

F

front 123

Hyperparathyroidism is a rare condition where the bones soften and deform.

back 123

T

front 124

Aldosteronism will cause ______.

back 124

decreased secretion of renin

Aldosteronism is due to oversecretion of aldosterone. The kidneys release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II which stimulates aldosterone release.

front 125

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______.

back 125

blood pressure

Cushing's syndrome results from excessive exposure to the hormone cortisol. Cortisol increases blood pressure by increasing the sensitivity of the blood vessels to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Aldosteronism occurs due to oversecretion of aldosterone. One function of aldosterone is to indirectly stimulate the reabsorbtion of water from the kidney tubule cells into the systemic circulation. This process increases blood volume and thus blood pressure.

front 126

Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

back 126

secretion of norepinephrine

Adrenal chromaffin cells are capable of releasing the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine into systemic circulation. Post-ganglionic neurons of the symphathetic nervous system release norepinephrine only.

front 127

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

back 127

glucocorticoids

Essential to life, the glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels and help us to resist stressors.

front 128

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

back 128

cortisol

front 129

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.

back 129

epinephrine

front 130

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

back 130

cortisol

front 131

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

back 131

aldosterone

front 132

Aldosterone ________.

back 132

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

front 133

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

back 133

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

front 134

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

back 134

T

front 135

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.

back 135

F

front 136

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

back 136

T

front 137

Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension.

back 137

T

front 138

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

back 138

F

front 139

Addison's disease is due to a insufficient output of glucocorticoids only.

back 139

F

front 140

The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays.

back 140

T

front 141

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin?

back 141

lower blood glucose levels

front 142

Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone?

back 142

insulin

front 143

Which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)?

back 143

insulin

front 144

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

back 144

a decrease in blood glucose levels

front 145

Which of the following represents hormonal control of insulin release?

back 145

release of glucagon by the pancreatic islets

front 146

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

back 146

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

front 147

Which of the following structures do/does NOT produce a hormone or hormones?

back 147

lungs

front 148

A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose level of 600 mg/dl. On assessment, the nurse observed that his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed, his skin was dry, and his pH was low. What is the diagnosis and what physiological response is occurring?

back 148

Diabetes mellitus. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.

front 149

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

back 149

leptin

front 150

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

back 150

the heart

front 151

Leptin is secreted by ________.

back 151

adipocytes

front 152

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.

back 152

T

front 153

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

back 153

T

front 154

Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.

back 154

F

front 155

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.

back 155

T

front 156

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

back 156

F