front 1 1) Innate immunity A) is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens. B) is nonspecific and present at birth. C) involves a memory component. D) involves T cells and B cells. E) provides increased susceptibility to disease. | back 1 Answer: B |
front 2 2) All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT A) multiple layers of cells. B) tears. C) saliva. D) HCl. E) the "ciliary escalator." | back 2 Answer: D |
front 3 3) The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to A) propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the mouth, away from the lower respiratory tract. B) remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract. C) remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract. D) trap microorganisms in mucus in the upper respiratory tract. E) trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. | back 3 Answer: E |
front 4 4) Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? A) eosinophils B) erythrocytes C) macrophages D) basophils E) neutrophils | back 4 Answer: C |
front 5 5) TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT A) AMPs. B) flagellin. C) LPS. D) PAMPs. E) peptidoglycan. | back 5 Answer: A |
front 6 6) A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT A) the total number of white blood cells. B) the numbers of each type of white blood cell. C) the number of red blood cells. D) leukocytosis. E) leukopenia. | back 6 Answer: C |
front 7 7) The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the point in the cascade where the activation of ________ takes place. A) C1 B) C2 C) C3 D) C5 E) C6 | back 7 Answer: C |
front 8 8) All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT A) kinins. B) prostaglandins. C) lysozymes. D) histamine. E) leukotrienes. | back 8 Answer: C |
front 9 9) A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? A) mucociliary escalator B) normal skin flora C) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response D) acidic skin secretions E) lysozyme | back 9 Answer: C |
front 10 10) Margination refers to A) the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. B) the chemotactic response of phagocytes. C) adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels. D) dilation of blood vessels. E) the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels. | back 10 Answer: C |
front 11 11) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. B) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. D) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses. E) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses. | back 11 Answer: C |
front 12 12) Which of the following is found normally in serum? A) complement B) interferon C) histamine D) leukocytosis-promoting factor E) TLRs | back 12 Answer: A |
front 13 13) Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT A) interference with viral replication. B) bacterial cell lysis. C) opsonization. D) increased phagocytic activity. E) increased blood vessel permeability. | back 13 Answer: A |
front 14 14) Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? A) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms B) increased margination of phagocytes C) increased diapedesis of phagocytes D) inflammation E) cytolysis | back 14 Answer: A |
front 15 15) Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT A) they produce antibacterial chemicals. B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D) they produce lysozyme. E) they change the pH of the environment. | back 15 Answer: D |
front 16 16) Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT A) M protein. B) capsules. C) formation of phagolysosomes. D) leukocidins. E) biofilms. | back 16 Answer: C |
front 17 17) The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT A) inhibition of cell wall synthesis. B) lysis of bacterial cells. C) destruction of nucleic acids. D) pore formation in bacterial membranes. E) inhibition of phagocytosis. | back 17 Answer: E |
front 18 18) The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid A) returns to the blood. B) goes into lymph capillaries. C) is excreted in urine. D) is lost as perspiration. E) is transported into macrophages. | back 18 Answer: B |
front 19 19) Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? A) They are found in certain tissues and organs. B) They develop from neutrophils. C) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. D) They are mature monocytes. E) They gather at sites of infection. | back 19 Answer: B |
front 20 20) Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT A) trapping a bacterium against a rough surface. B) opsonization. C) chemotaxis. D) lysozyme. E) complement. | back 20 Answer: D |
front 21 21) All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT A) vasodilation. B) fever. C) swelling. D) redness. E) pain. | back 21 Answer: B |
front 22 22) All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT A) destruction of an injurious agent. B) removal of an injurious agent. C) isolation of an injurious agent. D) repair of damaged tissue. E) production of antibodies. | back 22 Answer: E |
front 23 23) A chill is a sign that A) body temperature is falling. B) body temperature is rising. C) body temperature is not changing. D) the metabolic rate is decreasing. E) blood vessels are dilating. | back 23 Answer: B |
front 24 24) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
| back 24 Answer: A |
front 25 25) Which of the following is mismatched? A) diapedesis — movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue B) chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome C) abcess — a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus D) pus — tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid E) scab — dried blood clot over injured tissue | back 25 Answer: B |
front 26 26) All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT A) they bind to the surface of uninfected cells. B) they are effective for long periods. C) they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins. D) they disrupt stages of viral multiplication. E) they initiate transcription. | back 26 Answer: B |
front 27 27) The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B) C5-C9. C) antigen-antibody reactions. D) factors released from phagocytes. E) factors released from damaged tissues. | back 27 Answer: A |
front 28 28) The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by A) lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B) C5-C9. C) antigen-antibody reactions. D) factors released from phagocytes. E) factors released from damaged tissues. | back 28 Answer: C |
front 29 29) Activation of C3a results in A) acute inflammation. B) increased blood vessel permeability. C) opsonization. D) attraction of phagocytes. E) cell lysis. | back 29 Answer: A |
front 30 30) Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to A) undergo chemotaxis. B) migrate. C) produce toxic oxygen products. D) attach to microorganisms and other foreign material. E) engulf microorganisms and other foreign material. | back 30 Answer: C |
front 31 31) Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT A) phagocytosis. B) inflammation. C) production of antibody. D) production of interferon. E) activation of complement. | back 31 Answer: C |
front 32 32) After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT A) complement. B) O2-. C) H2O2. D) OH. E) HOCl. | back 32 Answer: A |
front 33 33) Activation of C5-C9 results in A) activation of C3. B) fixation of complement. C) lysis of microbial cells. D) phagocytosis. E) inflammation. | back 33 Answer: C |
front 34 34) All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT A) they are a type of lymphocyte. B) they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system. C) they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells. D) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. E) they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis. | back 34 Answer: D |
front 35 35) Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths? A) basophils B) eosinophils C) lymphocytes D) monocytes E) neutrophils | back 35 Answer: B |
front 36 36) Macrophages arise from which of the following? A) basophils B) eosinophils C) lymphocytes D) monocytes E) neutrophils | back 36 Answer: D |
front 37 37) All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it A) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract. B) stimulates T lymphocyte activity. C) is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus. D) intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons. E) can be initiated by specific types of pathogens. | back 37 Answer: A |
front 38 38) All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans
EXCEPT | back 38 Answer: D |
front 39 39) All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? A) diapedesis B) margination C) phagocyte migration D) repair E) vasodilation | back 39 Answer: E |
front 40 40) The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by A) mannose on host membranes. B) mannose on the surface of microbes. C) lectins of the microbe. D) gram-negative cell walls. E) gram-positive cell walls. | back 40 Answer: B |
front 41 41) All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT A) dilation of blood vessels. B) release of histamines and prostaglandins. C) chemotaxis. D) diapedesis. E) antibody synthesis. | back 41 Answer: E |
front 42 42) Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe? A) deficiency of C3 B) deficiency of C5 C) deficiency of C6 D) deficiency of C7 E) deficiency of C8 | back 42 Answer: A |
front 43 43) Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE? A) C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway. B) The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes. C) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. D) Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation. E) C3b causes opsonization. | back 43 Answer: C |
front 44 44) Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial A) cell membrane. B) capsule. C) cell wall. D) DNA. E) ribosomes. | back 44 Answer: C |
front 45 45) Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid? A) lysozyme — tears and saliva B) mucociliary escalator — intestines C) very acidic pH — stomach D) keratin and tightly packed cells — skin E) cerumen and sebum — ear | back 45 Answer: B |
front 46 1) The dermis is composed of connective tissue and serves the primary purpose of providing direct protection from the external environment. | back 46 Answer: FALSE |
front 47 2) Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease. | back 47 Answer: TRUE |
front 48 3) Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow. | back 48 Answer: TRUE |
front 49 4) The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection. | back 49 Answer: FALSE |
front 50 5) Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability. | back 50 Answer: TRUE |
front 51 6) Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins. | back 51 Answer: TRUE |
front 52 7) Complement proteins in their intact and unactivated form act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis. | back 52 Answer: FALSE |
front 53 8) Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes. | back 53 Answer: FALSE |
front 54 9) An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. | back 54 Answer: FALSE |
front 55 10) Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and health of the intestinal tract. | back 55 Answer: TRUE |