front 1 6 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of biofilms? antibiotic resistance; hydrogel; iron deficiency; quorum sensing | back 1 Iron defficiency |
front 2 6 The Spectrophotometer can be used to measure ________ | back 2 Turbidity |
front 3 6 An organism that uses O2 but can grow without it: | back 3 Facultative anaerobe |
front 4 6 Organisms that require high heat for growth are called: | back 4 Extreme halophiles |
front 5 6 The culture media designed to suppress unwanted mirobes while encouraging desired microbes? | back 5 Selective |
front 6 7 The removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life is called? | back 6 Sterilization |
front 7 7 Which of these disinfectants does not act by disrupting the plasma membrane? Phenolics; phenoll Quat ammonium compounds; halogens; biguanides | back 7 Halogens |
front 8 7 Which disenfectant would be effective against all 3 bacteria? S. aureaus; E. Coli; Pseudomonas aeruginosa | back 8 Chlorine |
front 9 7 Which is not used to preserve food? Nisin; sodium nitrite; Potassium sorbate; Biguanides | back 9 Biguanides |
front 10 7 In what situation is filtration the only practical way to eliminate undesireable microbes? | back 10 When heat or other methods cannot be used (ex, liquids) |
front 11 8 E. coli is found naturally in the large intestines. Normally this is no problem, but E.coli 0157:H7 produces shiga toxin. How did E.coli get this gene from Shigella and what is this process called? | back 11 From bacteriophage, process is called transduction |
front 12 8 In DNA replication, the newly added nucleotide is joined to the grouwing strand by | back 12 DNA polymerase |
front 13 8 Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance through all of the following except...? Mutation, integration of transposons; conjugation; snRNPs; transformation | back 13 snRNPs |
front 14 8 A group of 3 nucleotides is called? | back 14 a codon |
front 15 8 Which is not a method of horizontal gene transfer? binary fission; conjucation; integration of transposons; transduction; transformation | back 15 binary fission |
front 16 6 Name the 3 primary classifications of microorganisms based on preferred range of temperature and give the range for each. Which classification is most likely to be pathenogenic to humans? | back 16 Psychorophiles -10 to 20
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front 17 6 Halophile, extreme halophile | back 17 Organsims highly adapted to high salt concentrations. If obligate, they require nearly 30% salt. |
front 18 6 Hyperthermophiles (aka extreme thermophiles) | back 18 Members of Archaea have optimum growth temp. of 80 deg C or higher. Sulfur is usually important in their metabolic activity |
front 19 6 Acidophiles | back 19 acid tolerant. Ex: chemoautotrophic bacteria, found in drainage water from coal mines. Oxidizes sulfur to form sulfuric acid. Survives at pH 1 |
front 20 6 pH range at which most bacteria grow best | back 20 6.5-7.5 |
front 21 6 Optimum pH of molds and yeasts | back 21 5-6 |
front 22 6 How do salt and sugar preserve foods? | back 22 By creating a hypertonic environment unfriendly to microbes |
front 23 6 Innoculum | back 23 What you innoculate media with |
front 24 6 (t/f) All bacteria reproduce by binary fission | back 24 False. Some bud |
front 25 6 What type of media grows only gram + and has a yellow halo. | back 25 Selective and differential |
front 26 6 An enrichment culture is used to encourage growth of_____? | back 26 bacteria present in small numbers (used ofr soil or fecal samples ) |
front 27 6 Name they 6 Oxygen growth-classified bacteria, how they grow and what they look like in a deep. | back 27 Obligate aerobes-Only aerobic growth, O2 required
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front 28 6 Name an example of an obligate anearobe | back 28 The genus Clostridium (contains tetanus & botulism) |
front 29 6 What is a reducing media used for? | back 29 Used for growth of obligate anaerobes |
front 30 6 What are organic growth factors? | back 30 Vitamins, amino acids, purines/pyrimidines (the bases ATGC). They are essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize. |
front 31 6 Type of media that has beef part extract, agar, peptone | back 31 Complex Media (growth of chemoautotrophs organisms) |
front 32 6 Chemoautotroph | back 32 Uses an inorganic chemical as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source |
front 33 6 Chemoheterotroph | back 33 Uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy |
front 34 6 Enzyme that breaks H2O2 into water & O2 | back 34 Catalayse |
front 35 6 Enzyme that breaks H2O2 into water only | back 35 peroxidase |
front 36 6 What is a singlet and why is it important? | back 36 Normal molecular O2 that has been boosted into a higher-energy state & is extremely reactive |
front 37 6 What is a Superoxide radical and why is it important? | back 37 Highly instable anion, formed in small amounts during normal respiration, is so toxic to cellular components that ALL organisms attempting to grow in atmospheric O2 must produce enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
front 38 6 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | back 38 enzyme produced by ALL organisms attempting to grow in atmospheric O2. It helps to neutralize superoxide radicals |
front 39 6 What is a buffer and what does it do? | back 39 Chemical buffers are included in growth medium to neutralize the acids and maintain proper pH. Expeptones, aa's phosphate salts |
front 40 6 Name 3 ways to store microbes | back 40 Refrigeration-good for short term storage
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front 41 8 Transposon | back 41 A small piece of DNA that can move from 1 DNA region to another |
front 42 8 Difference between generalized transduction and Specialized transduction | back 42 Bacteriophages that transport DNA to other cells. Generalized in the lityc cycle, Specialed in the lysogenic cyle. |
front 43 8 Plasmid | back 43 Self-replicating circular molecules of DNA, not essential for survival |
front 44 8 R-plasma | back 44 encodes for anibiotic resistance |
front 45 8 F-plasmid | back 45 encodes for sex pili & transfer of the plasmid |
front 46 8 Carcinogen | back 46 A cancer causing agent |
front 47 8 Mutagen | back 47 An agent that causes mutations. Can be chemical or radiation. |
front 48 8 Auxotroph/Autotroph | back 48 Auxotroph-mutant microorganism w/a nutrional requirement that's absent in the parent
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front 49 8 Name the different types of mutation | back 49 Point Mutation (base substitution mutation: 1 base changed
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front 50 8 Operon | back 50 Made up of promotor, opperator and structural gene |
front 51 8 Inducible | back 51 Gene always off until induced |
front 52 8 Repressible | back 52 Gene always on until repressed |
front 53 8 Is the lac operon inducible or repressible? | back 53 Inducible. When no lactose it is off. When there is lactose alalactose is present * binds to repressor & innactivates it so the protein to break down lactose is made |
front 54 8 A repressor binds to? | back 54 the operator |
front 55 8 tRNA | back 55 Free floating, has anticodon that binds to mRNA codon. Grabs proteins to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain. |
front 56 8 DNA is copied by what and in which direction? | back 56 By DNA polymerase 5'->3' direction |
front 57 8 snRNPs | back 57 Removes entrons. mRNA has exons only. Only humans have entrons |
front 58 8 Constitutive genes | back 58 These are expressed at a fixed rate--always "on" |
front 59 8 Photolysis | back 59 Repair mechanism, uses visible light to separate the thymine dimer caused by UV damage |
front 60 8 Nucleotide excision repair | back 60 enzymes cut out the incorrect base & fills in gap w/new DNA |
front 61 7 Autoclave | back 61 High heat w/high temp. Steam must touch surface. Sterylization technique |
front 62 7 What is ethylene oxide? | back 62 a gaseous sterilant, no high temp needed |
front 63 7 Name Physical ways to reduce/remove bacteria | back 63 Heat-moist heat kills by coagulating proteins cause by breakage of H bond; pasteurization; dry heat sterilization kills by oxidation effects
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front 64 7 Name chemical microbial controls | back 64 Phenol/phenolics (lysol) injurs lipid-containing plasma membranes; Bisphenols, used for surgical & hostpital control procedures. Gram+ staph & strep very susceptible. Biguanides affect all cell membranes, especially gram+. Halogens (iodine) impairs protein synthesis |
front 65 8 Genotype | back 65 Genes of the organism |
front 66 8 Phenotype | back 66 Expression of the genes |
front 67 8 Conjugation | back 67 DNA exchange through pilli |
front 68 8 F+/-? | back 68 The DNA for mating bridge. HFR=the plasmid that encorporates into the genomve |
front 69 8 Important Enzymes in DNA replication, expression and repair | back 69 -DNA Gyrase: relaxes supercoiling ahead of replicatoin fork
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