front 1 Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of
intelligence in a population? | back 1 B |
front 2 Which of the following defines the concept of reaction range? | back 2 C |
front 3 Which of the following is true regarding language and
communication? | back 3 B |
front 4 Which of the following is true regarding critical periods? | back 4 A |
front 5 "Human beings...are very much at the mercy of the particular
language which" they speak. This quote supports which of the
following? | back 5 A |
front 6 Lola was trying to fit a new piece of furniture into her room. She
could not figure out how to get it through the door. Then, all of a
sudden, she realized that if she turned it upside down and on its
side, it would fit. Lola experienced which of the following? | back 6 D |
front 7 Allan is trying to hang a picture on the wall. He opens his tool box
but only sees a screw driver, not his hammer. He spends the next 20
minutes looking all over his house for the hammer. Failing to realize
that he could have used the handle of the screw driver to pound the
nail into the wall is an example of which of the following? | back 7 C |
front 8 Angie is going on a trip but after hearing about so many plane
crashes on the news recently, she decides it would be better to drive
than fly. Angie is making her decision by using the _______. | back 8 A |
front 9 Peggy was looking for a new coat. She wanted it to be red,
knee-length, and waterproof. As she looking through the racks at the
store she quickly discarded coats first based on color, then length,
and finally whether or not they were waterproof before making her
final selection. Which decision making method was Peggy using? | back 9 D |
front 10 Which of the following is an example of a test of non-verbal
ability? | back 10 D |
front 11 Peter is 14-months-old and tells his mom, "Mommy, up!"
Which of the following is likely true? | back 11 A |
front 12 "It's simple. I know it's a table because it has a flat top and
four legs." The person who is making this statement would likely
side with which of the following approaches to categorization? | back 12 B |
front 13 Conrad is trying to guess the number of jelly beans in a jar at a
fair. He thinks that the best approach is to count the number he can
see in one tenth of the jar and then multiply that number by 10.
Conrad is using which of the following problem solving
strategies? | back 13 A |
front 14 Which is true regarding infant-directed speech? | back 14 A |
front 15 Involves trying and testing different possibilities until a successful solution is reached. a. Trial and error b. Algorithm c. Heuristic D. Intuition | back 15 A |
front 16 Step-by-step strategies that, if followed correctly, will guarantee you a solution to the problem. a. Trial and error b. Algorithm c. Heuristic d. Insight | back 16 B |
front 17 Problem solving techniques that are like short cuts to a solution. a. Trial and error b. Algorithm c. Heuristic d. Intuition | back 17 C |
front 18 Happens when you come to a solution to a problem without realizing how you got there a. Heuristic b. Mental set c. Intuition d. Insight | back 18 C |
front 19 Occurs when you come to a solution all of a sudden, often without realizing that you are about to get there. a. Insight b. Intuition c. Heuristic d. Mental set | back 19 A |
front 20 Making a list of features that you consider important (rank on scale of 1-5 for each feature, add up score for each option and decide which one reached the highest score) a. Representativeness heuristic b. Confirmation bias c. Additive model d. Availability heuristic | back 20 C |
front 21 Rely on probabilities while making a decision a. Confirmation bias b. Representativeness heuristic c. Availability heuristic d. Additive model | back 21 B |
front 22 Base your decision on the number of similar examples you can bring to mind a. Availability heuristic b. Belief bias c. Confirmation bias d. Single feature model | back 22 A |
front 23 Occurs when we make decisions based on how believable the result is a. Availability heuristic b. Belief bias c. Confirmation bias d. Single feature model | back 23 B |
front 24 Tend to look for evidence that reinforces a decision or rule, but does not look for exceptions to the rule a. Availability heuristic b. Belief bias c. Confirmation bias d. Single feature model | back 24 C |
front 25 We tend to make decisions based on how the question is asked a. Belief bias b. Framing effect c. Confirmation bias d. heuristic | back 25 B |
front 26 If an adult was speaking to a baby, which of the following should he/she use? a. infant directed speech b. telegraphic speech c. cooing d. babbling | back 26 A |
front 27 The idea that the language you speak influences the way that you understand and perceive the world is known as which of the following? a. cognition b. displacement c. language vs. communication distinction d. linguistic relativity | back 27 D |
front 28 The best or most typical instance of a category is called a ______. a. prototype b. exemplar c. natural concept d. formal concept | back 28 A |
front 29 Which of the following explains why the definitional approach does not work? a. There is no such thing as a true, actual example of a category. b. Very few concepts have a clear definition or can be defined by a list of features. c. Humans have a very difficult time grouping or organizing similar type of information together. d. It is nearly impossible to come up with an ideal example of a category member. | back 29 B |
front 30 Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of intelligence in a population? a. A larger proportion of the population scores below average than above average on tests of mental ability. b. Half of the population is above average and exactly as many are below average in the capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activities. c. A larger proportion of the population scores above average than below average on tests of mental ability. d. We have not been able to come up with an accurate measure of the distribution of intelligence within a population because people vary too much from one another. | back 30 B |
front 31 Which of the following defines the concept of reaction range? a. the general mental ability that underlies overall performance on all tests of mental ability b. the variation in intelligence due to genetic differences c. the inherited range of possibility that genes provide d. ability to modify or change your behavior to best suit your environment | back 31 C |
front 32 The mental processes that we use to acquire, retain, and use
knowledge defines which of the following? b. cognition c. categorization d. problem solving | back 32 B |
front 33 Which of the following is the feature of language that allows us to communicate about things that are separated from us in time and space? a. generativity b. displacement c. semantics d. syntax | back 33 B |
front 34 "Movies to the are we going." This sentence has incorrect English _____. a. syntax b. phonemes c. semantics d. generativity | back 34 A |
front 35 Which of the following is the definition of cooing? a. The way children talk to each other. b. The sounds that adults make when speaking to infants to get their attention. c. Infants' first language-like sounds that consist of mainly vowel sounds. d. The sounds that birds make. | back 35 C |
front 36 Which of the following is true regarding critical periods? a. The critical period for language is up until about 6 years of age. b. Research on critical periods suggests that language learning becomes easier as we get older. c. If we are exposed to something during a special time period, we are more sensitive to it. d. Critical periods apply only to language. | back 36 C |
front 37 The ability to organize similar information together is called ______. a. categorization b. trial and error c. problem solving d. decision making | back 37 A |
front 38 Concepts that have a strict definition are known as ______. a. natural concepts b. prototypes c. formal concepts d. exemplars | back 38 C |
front 39 An equilateral triangle is a closed, three-sided figure in which all three sides are equal. If a shape does not meet these criteria, it is not an equilateral triangle. Therefore, according to our chapter, equilateral triangles are an example of a _____. a. formal concept b. fuzzy concept c. natural concept d. mathematical concept | back 39 A |
front 40 A mental set is a. a step-by-step strategy that, if followed correctly, will guarantee a solution to a problem. b. a problem-solving technique that is like a shortcut to a solution. c. a way of solving a problem based on a method that has worked in the past. d. trying and testing different possibilities until a successful solution is reached. | back 40 C |
front 41 Marco needed a new pair of shoes but only had $45 to spend. He went to the store and chose the only pair that fit within his budget. Which decision making method did Marco use? a. elimination by aspects b. additive model c. single feature model d. framing effect | back 41 C |
front 42 Which of the following terms describes your ability to modify or change your behavior to best suit your environment? a. g factor theory b. adaptation c. multiple intelligences d. s factor theory | back 42 B |
front 43 The s factor suggests a. that there exists some general mental ability that underlies performance on all intelligence tests. b. that people are able to change or modify their behavior in response to experiences. c. that there exist various individual mental abilities. d. that intelligence is primarily a factor of speed of processing. | back 43 C |
front 44 Research on intelligence has shown that which of the following is true? a. If you have an identical twin you will likely score similarly to one another on an intelligence test, but only if you grew up in the same environment, not if you grew up in separate homes. b. If you have an identical twin the likelihood that you will score similarly on an intelligence test is no greater than for any other biological siblings. c. If you have an identical twin you will likely score similarly to one another on an intelligence test. d. If you have an identical twin you are less likely to have similar scores on an intelligence test than are other biological siblings. | back 44 C |
front 45 Susan was in a horrible car accident when she was a young child — an accident in which her mother was killed. She claims that she always has been able to remember this accident. Which of the following statements about Susan’s claim is most likely to be true? A. It is unlikely that Susan would be able to remember such a
traumatic event because of the effects of repression. | back 45 D |
front 46 In a memory study, subjects watched a film of a minor car accident. Sometime later, they were asked questions about the film. One group of subjects was asked, “how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” The other group was asked, “how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” The group that heard the words “smashed into ” estimated that the cars were going faster than did the group that heard the word “hit.” This experiment shows the effects of A. elaboration. | back 46 B |
front 47 If an authority figure tells a person that he experienced a particular life event that, in reality, he never experienced, memory research has shown that the person will tend to A. know immediately that the event never occurred. | back 47 D |
front 48 Kate was severely physically abused by a foster parent when she was 5 years old. She says that she has always been able to remember the abuse. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? A. Severe physical abuse generally leads to defensive forgetting, so
Kate probably has constructed memories based on what she has been
told. | back 48 D |
front 49 It is difficult to study the process of repression because A. it cannot be studied experimentally. | back 49 D |
front 50 If a person is repeatedly and intensely pushed to retrieve an episodic memory that she has forgotten, it is likely that she will develop a mostly false memory. Which theory of forgetting helps us to explain why this happens? A. reconstruction theory | back 50 A |
front 51 Which of the following seems to be essential for the development of a false memory? A. A person is experiencing a great deal of stress. | back 51 C |
front 52 It is difficult to know if repression has occurred in a particular individual because it is thought to A. occur unconsciously. | back 52 A |
front 53 Critics of therapeutic techniques for recovering repressed memories state that these techniques involve a great deal of A. retrieval. | back 53 B |
front 54 According to the reconstruction theory of forgetting, which of the following statements about long-term memories probably is true? A. Explicit long-term memories often are wrong in details, but
implicit long-term memories typically are completely accurate. | back 54 D |
front 55 I cannot remember ever experiencing before the song that is written on the sheet music I’m looking at because my memory of the song is encoded as a melody that I once heard. Which theory of forgetting best explains my inability to remember the song? A. encoding-specificity theory | back 55 A |
front 56 Paul’s girlfriend believes that he keeps forgetting the dates of his algebra exams because simply thinking about algebra causes him to become very upset. Which theory of forgetting is his girlfriend using to explain Paul’s inability to remember the dates of his algebra exams? A. encoding-specificity theory | back 56 C |
front 57 Interference seems to have its effects on forgetting primarily by affecting the ___ of information. A. encoding | back 57 C |
front 58 According to the defensive theory of forgetting, explicit memories become implicit memories because a person unconsciously wants to avoid experiencing A. negative emotions. | back 58 A |
front 59 Yesterday, at a stoplight, I saw a passenger in the next car who looked very familiar, but I couldn’t remember how I knew him. This morning when I walked into my class, I saw that he was one of my students. In fact, he often came to my office during office hours to ask questions. What is the best explanation for my forgetting who he was when I saw him at the stoplight yesterday? A. I had reconstructed the memory incorrectly due to forming an
inadequate memory code of his face (leading to retireval
difficulties). | back 59 B |
front 60 Interference is greatest when the memory codes for the competing information A. are different from those of the information to be
retrieved. | back 60 B |
front 61 Defensive forgetting seems to have its effects on forgetting primarily by affecting the ___ of information. A. encoding | back 61 C |
front 62 According to reconstruction theory, the more often you recall an episodic memory, the more likely it is that your memory of the episode will become _____ over time. A. less accurate | back 62 A |
front 63 According to reconstruction theory, we forget because A. implicit memories eventually become explicit memories. | back 63 D |
front 64 Which of the following statements about long-term memories is false? A. A long-term memory is encoded as fragments of the information
processed by sensory memory and working memory. | back 64 B |
front 65 Lisa remembers that, when she turned 21 last year, three of her friends took her to a bar, where she had only one glass of wine. Afterwards, they had a late dinner at an expensive restaurant. According to reconstruction theory, Lisa’s memories of that evening should be A. accurate in all details because the events surrounding her
birthday would have been encoded as a flashbulb memory. | back 65 D |
front 66 Penfield and his colleagues stimulated portions of the cerebral cortex in the temporal lobes of patients, which resulted in the retrieval of what seemed to be vivid episodic memories in some of them. It is likely that stimulating the temporal lobes in these areas caused A. the retrieval of unconscious episodic memories. | back 66 C |
front 67 Reconstruction theory focuses on _____ to explain the forgetting of details of life events. A. where memory codes are located | back 67 B |
front 68 Two people often remember the same events differently, especially those that occurred a long time ago. Neverheless, both people usually insist that their own memories are completely accurate and that the other person either has a “bad memory” or is lying. According to reconstruction theory, why do people often insist that their own memories are accurate, even when they contain inaccuracies? A. Because they probably either have bad memories or are
lying. | back 68 B |
front 69 According to reconstruction theory, episodic memories that are retrieved frequently typically should _____ than episodic memories that are retrieved only occasionally. A. contain more inaccurate details | back 69 A |
front 70 People who have had severe damage to both hippocampi are likely to experience the most difficulty with forming new _____ memories. A. semantic | back 70 B |
front 71 Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? A. I remember that I fed the dogs this morning at 8:30 AM. | back 71 D |
front 72 After recovering from injuries caused by an auto accident, Therese is not able to develop new episodic memories. According to memory research, which of the following is the most likely cause of her memory difficulties? A. She probably is unable to form new long-term memories. | back 72 C |
front 73 Which of the following is the main type of memory that includes all the others? A. long-term memory | back 73 A |
front 74 A(n) ___ memory is a memory for some item of general knowledge (that is, a fact about the world). A. semantic | back 74 A |
front 75 I was just recalling the day that I married my first wife. I remembered that it occurred in the rabbi’s house on a very hot day in August. This type of memory is called a(n) A. episodic memory. | back 75 A |
front 76 A person who has had damage to both hippocampi is least likely to show impairments in the development of new A. explicit memories. | back 76 C |
front 77 I just recalled that Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States. The memory is stored as a(n) A. episodic memory. | back 77 D |
front 78 How does a semantic memory differ from semantic encoding? A. Semantic encoding is a type of mental processing performed in
working memory, whereas a semantic memory is a type of explicit memory
in the long-term subsystem. | back 78 D |
front 79 Which of the following is the best way to create enduring (stable) long-term memories of verbal information — memories that can be activated by a wide range of retrieval cues? A. semantic encoding | back 79 A |
front 80 An eyewitness to a crime has been asked to describe what the perpetrator of the crime looked like so that a sketch artist can draw a picture of the perpetrator’s face. The eyewitness is being asked to perform a _____ task. A. recall | back 80 A |
front 81 Which of the following tasks would allow an implicit long-term memory to affect conscious behaviors, thoughts, and emotions? A. recognition | back 81 B |
front 82 Which of the following is not a characteristic of the long-term memory subsystem? A. It has a virtually unlimited capacity. | back 82 D |
front 83 An eyewitness to a crime is asked to identify the perpetrator of the crime in a police line-up of six individuals. This is an example of a _____ task. A. recall | back 83 D |
front 84 An essay test is a ___ measure of memory; a multiple-choice test assessing rote memorization is a ___ measure of memory. A. relearning; recognition | back 84 B |
front 85 A recall task usually requires more effort than a recognition task because it requires that a person A. encode several pieces of sensory information. | back 85 C |
front 86 Which of the following retrieval tasks would not be used to retrieve implicit memories? A. priming | back 86 C |
front 87 According to the SMM, attention is the mental process that activates explicit memory codes and transfers this information from A. sensory memory to long-term memory. | back 87 B |
front 88 Which of the following would be an example of an implicit memory? A. Tom could not remember the phone number of a friend whom he
hadn’t called in years, but he was able to dial it correctly
anyways. | back 88 A |
front 89 William is receiving psychotherapy for major depression. He often mentions to his therapist how unhappy his childhood was, and he remembers a number of unhappy childhood events. Which of the following is the BEST comment to make about William’s childhood memories? A. People who are depressed tend to remember the past MORE
accurately than do people who are happy. | back 89 C |
front 90 Two groups of people (Group 1 and Group 2) drank five cups of coffee very rapidly and then learned a list of 20 words. A day later, Group 1 again drank five cups of coffee whereas Group 2 drank five cups of water. Group 1 better recalled the word list than Group 2. These results are BEST described by the concept of A. state-dependent memory. | back 90 A |
front 91 Which personal event from the past should be easiest for a HAPPY person to recall? A. failing an important algebra exam | back 91 C |
front 92 When a memory task requires consciously recalling one’s long-term memories, the task involves the retrieval of ___ memories. A. state-dependent | back 92 D |
front 93 Classical conditioning often occurs without a person’s awareness. Thus, this type of learning usually results in the formation of _____ memories. A. explicit | back 93 B |
front 94 The case of H. M. (and others like him) shows that the hippocampus probably is most important for the formation of _____ memories. A. state-dependent | back 94 D |
front 95 Which memory subsystem contains the largest amount of information regarding what is happening around you at this very moment? A. explicit memory | back 95 C |
front 96 When trying to remember the difference between the words “stalactite” (an icicle-shaped deposit that hangs from the roof of a cavern) and “stalagmite” (a conical deposit built up on the floor of a cavern), I think of the letter “c” in stalactite, which stands for “ceiling,” and the letter “m” in stalagmite, which stands for “mountain.” In using these memory aids to help me to remember each word, I have made use of A. maintenance rehearsal. | back 96 B |
front 97 Which of the following people would be MOST likely to remember one hour later the notes on a sheet of music after looking it over only briefly? A. John, who is very good at remembering names and dates. | back 97 B |
front 98 I need to remember a list of sixteen numbers: 19611963196919741977. I want to keep the entire list in working memory for a short period of time. I realize that I can separate the numbers into five groups that represent the years in which new presidents took office: 1961, 1863, 1969, 1974, 1977. I have no trouble maintaining these numbers in working memory because I have ___ the numbers. A. perceived | back 98 C |
front 99 As you read this section, you should be stopping yourself after each paragraph and summarizing it in your own words. In addition, you should be trying to think of good examples for each of the major concepts. If you are studying in this way, you are A. placing the information directly in the episodic buffer, both
semantic and phonemic. | back 99 D |
front 100 Let’s say that you were asked to memorize a 12-item word list that was read to you aloud. The list included the following words: dog, cap, box, lamp. If you encoded this information in working memory using maintenance rehearsal, which of the following MISTAKES would you be MOST likely to make when retrieving the words immediately after the word list had been read? A. canine, hat, container, light | back 100 B |
front 101 Elaborative rehearsal is MOST important for A. moving information from long-term to sensory memory. | back 101 B |
front 102 Let’s say that you are asked to listen to a word list read out loud and then to perform another task for 15 seconds before being asked to recall the word list. The 15 seconds between the end of encoding and storing the word list and being asked to retrieve it is called the A. retention interval. | back 102 A |
front 103 Elaborative rehearsal involves A. linking new information to information already stored in
long-term memory. | back 103 A |
front 104 The concept of working memory is important because it A. focuses on the fundamental importance of the iconic and echoic
memory subsystems. | back 104 B |
front 105 The central executive is most closely associated with activity in the A. hippocampus. | back 105 B |
front 106 Which of the following statements about short-term memory is TRUE? A. Short-term memories are lost through the rapid disappearance of
engrams. | back 106 D |
front 107 If you learn a word list and misremember the word “fan” as “tan,” this shows that you encoded the word “fan” A. phonemically. | back 107 A |
front 108 Which of the following statements about short-term memories is FALSE? A. Short-term memories are encoded as reproductions of the sensory
stimulus. | back 108 A |
front 109 When you listen to a show on television, the information that you are attending to right now is being held in A. sensory memory. | back 109 B |
front 110 Forgetting from short-term memory is best explained by all of the following theories EXCEPT: A. decay theory | back 110 C |
front 111 A student asked me a question during class. Just after she finished asking the question, my attention was distracted by another person who stood up and began to sing aloud. My attention came back to the question after the singing stopped; but now I no longer could remember what I was asked just 40 seconds earlier. This was probably due to the fact that the memory was lost from the ___ because I was not able to ___. A. short-term store; rehearse the information | back 111 A |
front 112 Displacement theory explains forgetting when a memory subsystem is limited in terms of its A. duration. | back 112 C |
front 113 The LONGEST duration of unrehearsed information in the short-term store is about A. 1-5 seconds. | back 113 C |
front 114 Sensory memories are encoded A. phonemically. | back 114 C |
front 115 Which of the following is an example of an iconic memory? A. a visual image held in the short-term memory store. | back 115 B |
front 116 The explanation that states that forgetting is due to the disappearance over time of a physiological “memory trace” is called A. decay theory. | back 116 A |
front 117 When an external event occurs, information about it FIRST goes to _____ memory, and then, if we _____ the information, it goes to _____ memory. A. short-term; attend to; sensory | back 117 D |
front 118 When a person shows better memory for items depending upon where these items are located in a list, the person is showing something called A. the serial-position effect. | back 118 A |
front 119 Subjects in a study are given the following list of numbers to memorize: 55 34 98 53 23 76 82 45 13 21 95 68 26 If they remember best the numbers 95, 68, and 26, they are showing a ___ effect; if they remember best the numbers 55, 34, 98, they are showing a ___ effect. A. primacy; serial | back 119 C |
front 120 Because the first items in a word list tend to be repeated more than other items in the list, they are more likely to be in the ___ store. A. long-term | back 120 A |
front 121 Which of the following is NOT a type of memory storage in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Standard Model of Memory? A. sensory | back 121 B |
front 122 The recency effect is due to the fact that these items are most likely to be in the ___ store. A. long-term | back 122 B |
front 123 Oscar is unable to remember anything about the car accident and for a few minutes after, probably because his head hit the dashboard very hard, which left him dazed and confused. Oscar’s inability to remember the car accident was caused by his inability to _____ information about the car accident. A. store | back 123 C |
front 124 This morning I was trying to recall the name of a famous psychologist of the past. I knew that his name began with an “F” and was one syllable long. So I started listing possible names: “Fruit, Frolt, Fred, Freed, Frod, Froud.” All of a sudden, it hit me, “Freud”! This difficulty shows that I was having problems with the ___ of a memory. A. encoding | back 124 B |
front 125 When processing verbal information, semantic encoding is a type of processing involving the information’s A. sound. | back 125 C |
front 126 The recovery of information from the memory system is referred to as A. storage. | back 126 C |
front 127 The three fundamental mental processes of the memory system are A. sensory store, short-term store, long-term store. | back 127 C |
front 128 I write the word “proprium” on the chalkboard. If you encode this word in terms of its definition, you are encoding it ___; if you encode it by saying it rhymes with “throw thee, bum,” you are encoding it ___; if you encode it by noting that it is written in lower-case letters, you are encoding it ___. A. semantically; phonemically; structurally | back 128 A |
front 129 The input of information into the memory system is called A. storage. | back 129 B |
front 130 When processing verbal information, structural encoding is a type of processing involving the information’s A. sound form. | back 130 B |
front 131 My very first memory involves an event that occurred around the time I turned four years old. I am unable to remember anything from before this time, which is a type of forgetting known as A. anterograde amnesia. | back 131 C |
front 132 Repression of memories is thought to occur because people are motivated to avoid A. negative emotions. | back 132 A |
front 133 The cognitive approach in psychology also is known as the A. information-processing approach. | back 133 A |
front 134 Which of the following people has anterograde amnesia? A. Jan, who cannot remember anything that has happened since she
suffered a blow to the head. | back 134 A |
front 135 Cognitive researchers of memory would be most interested in studying A. learning processes such as associative conditioning. | back 135 D |
front 136 I do not like asparagus because I once saw someone throw up after he ate asparagus. Which of the following types of learning best explains how I acquired my current attitude about asparagus? A. operant conditioning | back 136 B |
front 137 In the learning of a phobia, the two-factor theory states that, first, there is _____ and, second, the _____. A. positive reinforcement of a fear response; negative reinforcement
of avoidance (escape) behavior | back 137 D |
front 138 With respect to the two-factor theory, exposure therapy for phobias is focused on extinguishing A. the classically conditioned avoidance response. | back 138 C |
front 139 Some treatments for alcoholism train people to avoid people, places, and situations strongly linked to past drinking episodes because these things often increase cravings. Which of the two factors in the two-factor theory is being addressed by having people not come into contact with people, places, and situations linked to past drinking? A. classically conditioned responses to these people, places, and
situations | back 139 A |
front 140 Whenever I take the 101 to work, I always get stuck in a traffic jam. Now, I no longer take the 101 to work. Getting stuck in a traffic jam after I get on the 101 is a _____ and getting on the 101 is a(n) _____. A. negative punishment; operant response | back 140 C |
front 141 Your child’s bedtime is 9:00 pm. Let’s say that, every night at 9:00 pm, your child whines when you tell her it’s time to go to bed. And every night, after a few minutes of whining, you eventually relent and allow her to stay up later. Over time, her whining has increased so much that you now hate seeing 9:00 pm roll around. In this example, your child’s whining is a(n) ______ and your telling her that she can stay up later is a(n) _____. A. positive punishment; operant response | back 141 D |
front 142 Which of the following will cause the frequency of an operant response to decrease? A. negative reinforcement and positive punishment | back 142 D |
front 143 Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? A. before a boy disobeys his mother, she takes away his favorite
toy | back 143 D |
front 144 Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? A. before a boy disobeys his mother, she takes away his favorite
toy | back 144 B |
front 145 My dog has learned to push open the door of the cabinet in which his food is stored. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. | back 145 B |
front 146 In classical conditioning, one knows that an association has formed when a(n) _____ appears; in operant conditioning, one knows that an association has formed when a(n) _____ appears. A. conditioned stimulus; discriminative stimulus | back 146 C |
front 147 In operant conditioning, a(n) _____ is associated with a _____. A. reflexive response; consequence of that response | back 147 B |
front 148 When the light turns yellow at intersections with “red-light-running” cameras, I often slam on my brakes in order to make sure that I don’t get a ticket. In this example, getting a ticket is a(n) A. operant response. | back 148 D |
front 149 When my cat hears me open a can of cat food, he comes running into the kitchen, which typically is followed by his being allowed to eat the food. In this example, the operant response is A. my cat running into the kitchen. | back 149 A |
front 150 My dog knows that, when I tap my hand several times on my leg, he will get a treat if he comes to me. This example illustrates a type of learning called A. classical conditioning. | back 150 B |
front 151 In which of the following ways does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? A. In operant conditioning, individuals learn new reflexive
behaviors, whereas in classical conditioning, individuals learn new
nonreflexive behaviors (habits). | back 151 B |
front 152 Amy became very sick after eating cream cheese that had gone bad. Now, she can’t stand the taste of cream cheese. In this example, the disgust Amy feels when she tastes cream cheese is a(n) A. UCR. | back 152 B |
front 153 John Garcia paired a taste (the CS) with feelings of nausea (the UCS) in one group of rats (the “nausea group”). In a second group of rats (the “pain group”), he paired a taste (the CS) with pain (the UCS). According to what you’ve learned about conditioned taste aversion, which group do you think should learn best and why should they learn best? A. the nausea group because rats easily perceive nausea, whereas
they don’t easily perceive pain | back 153 C |
front 154 The “learned disgust” that occurs to a taste or smell when we have become nauseous (even hours after experiencing it) is acquired by the process of A. spontaneous recovery. | back 154 C |
front 155 Amy became very sick after eating cream cheese that had gone bad. Now, she can’t stand the taste of cream cheese. In this example, the taste of cream cheese is a(n) A. UCR. | back 155 D |
front 156 My dog begins to salivate whenever he hears the electric can opener because this sound has often been paired with food in the past. Recently we got a new can opener that sounds somewhat different from the old one, yet my dog began salivating to this new sound the first time he heard it. The salivation to the new sound best illustrates which of the following? A. stimulus discrimination | back 156 B |
front 157 A person who has made over 50 parachute jumps now becomes anxious whenever he sees the plane out of which he usually jumps. Since he began jumping, he also becomes anxious whenever he looks at any airplane. In fact, he becomes anxious even when he simply thinks about airplanes. The fact that this man now feels anxious in response to stimuli other than the plane that he usually jumps out of best illustrates which of the following? A. stimulus generalization | back 157 A |
front 158 Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A. A dog barks at the sight of strangers when they are at the front
door and when they are in the backyard. | back 158 C |
front 159 Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A. A girl feels happy when she goes to school and also when she goes
shopping with her mother. | back 159 B |
front 160 The fact that spontaneous recovery often occurs shows that A. acquisition does not necessarily involve the development of an
association between the CS and the UCS. | back 160 C |
front 161 The stage in which an animal first develops a conditioned response is called A. the spontaneous recovery phase | back 161 B |
front 162 Which of the following is a major limitation of exposure therapy for people with severe phobias? A. Spontaneous recovery of the anxiety response often
occurs. | back 162 A |
front 163 How do we know that the extinction of a CR does not necessarily mean that an individual has unlearned the association between a CS and a UCS? A. Acquisition of the CR often occurs. | back 163 C |
front 164 According to John Watson, classical conditioning A. is not as important as are inborn emotional responses. | back 164 B |
front 165 A man has a severe phobia involving cockroaches. He has this phobia because, as a child, he used to observe his mother scream everytime a cockroach appeared. In this example, the screaming mother is a(n) A. CS. | back 165 C |
front 166 Mary becomes anxious whenever she walks by a particular alley. Two years ago, a man held a gun to her head and stole her purse in this alley. In this example, the CS is A. the alley. | back 166 A |
front 167 A man has a severe phobia involving cockroaches. He has this phobia because, as a child, he used to observe his mother scream everytime a cockroach appeared. In this example, the cockroach is a(n) A. CS. | back 167 A |
front 168 Jim became very sick after drinking a case of beer all by himself. Now, if he even smells beer, he begins to gag and retch. In this case, the smell of beer is a(n) A. CS | back 168 A |
front 169 How do we know when an association has formed in classical conditioning? A. when a UCS occurs consistently after a UCR is presented | back 169 D |
front 170 Habituation is a type of A. learned trait. | back 170 D |
front 171 My alarm clock makes a soft clicking noise just before the alarm goes off. The alarm wakes me up. After being paired with the alarm on a number of occasions, the click now also wakes me up (although it did not do so at first). The UCR in this example is: A. the click | back 171 D |
front 172 My alarm clock makes a soft clicking noise just before the alarm goes off. The alarm wakes me up. After being paired with the alarm on a number of occasions, the click now also wakes me up (although it did not do so at first). The CS in this example is: A. the click | back 172 A |
front 173 Classical conditioning is a type of A. learned trait. | back 173 C |
front 174 Todd feels happy whenever he smells chocolate-chip cookies baking because, when he was a child, his grandmother, whom he loved very much, used to bake chocolate-chip cookies for him whenever he visited her. The CS in this example is: A. the smell of chocolate-chip cookies baking. | back 174 A |
front 175 A man becomes sexually aroused whenever he smells the perfume that his wife uses. The UCS in this example is: A. his wife. | back 175 A |
front 176 What is being associated in classical conditioning? A. the CR with the UCR | back 176 C |
front 177 When I was a child, as a joke my mother used to put on a goalie mask, start up her chain saw, and chase the neighborhood children around until they passed out from fright. Even now I have a phobia of goalie masks and cannot watch a hockey game without soiling myself. For me, the goalie mask is a(n) A. CS. | back 177 A |
front 178 We know that an association has developed in classical conditioning when A. there is a decrease in the UCR. | back 178 D |
front 179 Which of the following defines encoding specificity? a. grouping multiple items into a single unit b. method of encoding affects later recall c. remembering first and last items better than those in the middle of a list d. remembering better when you apply material to yourself | back 179 B |
front 180 Which of the following would likely lead to the poorest recall? a. spaced practice b. deep processing c. massed practice d. prospective memory | back 180 C |
front 181 When new information interferes with recalling old, previously learned information this is known as ______. a. retroactive interference b. forgetting theory c. proactive interference d. Inference theory | back 181 A |
front 182 Which of the following defines repression? a. inability to remember things from first few years of life b. deliberately pushing information out of your mind c. information is not encoded so it is unable to be retrieved d. unconscious forgetting | back 182 D |
front 183 Visualizing a fabricated scenario, making it seem even more probable is known as _______. a. false memory b. misinformation c. imagination inflation d. source confusion | back 183 C |
front 184 The area of the brain responsible for temporary storage of information is the _____. a. amygdala b. prefrontal cortex c. hippocampus d. cerebellum | back 184 B |
front 185 Which of the following defines memory consolidation? a. functions are spread throughout the brain b. specific brain areas are responsible for specific functions c. establishing memories over the long term d. flexibility in the brain | back 185 C |
front 186 The inability to create new memories following an illness or injury is known as _______. a. Alzheimer's disease b. retrograde amnesia c. dementia d. anterograde amnesia | back 186 D |
front 187 Brooke gets sick after eating eggs at a popular breakfast restaurant. Which concept explains why Brooke now dislikes all breakfast foods? a. stimulus generalization b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus extinction d. temporal continuity | back 187 A |
front 188 A student is trying to teach herself to focus on her homework. After every third homework question she answers correctly, she rewards herself with a gummy bear. What kind of reinforcement schedule is this? a. variable ratio b. fixed ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval | back 188 B |
front 189 A person sitting next to you in the library is chewing gum. You hardly notice it at first, but after two hours the sound seems louder and extremely annoying. Which concept explains this change? a. repeated pairings b. sensitization c. punishment by application d. habituation | back 189 B |
front 190 Mara finds that she can type while listening to her roommate who is asking her a question about what she needs at the store. Mara is engaging in _______. a. effortful processing b. explicit memory c. supression d. automatic processing | back 190 D |
front 191 In middle school, Sarina was on the school dance team. Even 10 years later she still remembers the moves to the dance they did to the Spice Girls song and can't stop herself from doing it when the music comes on the radio. This information would be considered part of her ____ memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. explicit d. semantic | back 191 B |
front 192 Dr. Hendricks tells his class that their exam will be a recognition test. Given this information, Marcus should prepare for which of the following kinds of exams? a. all of these are possible on a recognition test b. essay c. matching d. fill in the blank | back 192 C |
front 193 Harper read the page in his chemistry book at least three times but can't seem to remember any of it even right after finishing the last paragraph. The most likely explanation is because Harper was engaging in _____. a. spaced practice b. shallow processing c. deep processing d. chunking | back 193 B |
front 194 It's not that you don't remember it. The truth is you never learned it to begin with. This statement fits with which of the following terms? a. encoding failure b. decay theory c. proactive interference d. repression | back 194 A |
front 195 Evie says that she remembers watching the footage of United Flight 93 crashing in a Pennsylvania field on Sept. 11, 2001. However, in truth, such footage does not exist. Evie is experiencing _____. a. dementia. b. retroactive interference. c. a false memory. d. encoding failure. | back 195 C |
front 196 Jasper was in a car accident and has trouble remembering things that happened a few days after the accident. He is experiencing ______. a. proactive interference b. retrograde amnesia c. source confusion d. anterograde amnesia | back 196 D |
front 197 The key brain structure involved in the processing of an emotional memory like the death of a loved one is the _____. a. amygdala b. neural circut c. cerebellum d. prefrontal cortex | back 197 A |
front 198 Stimulus generalization occurs when a. there is a reappearance of the conditioned response which had been diminished after a rest period. b. when an organism first learns the association between a stimulus and a response. c. there is a breaking of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus. d. things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus also produce the conditioned response. | back 198 D |
front 199 Which schedule of reinforcement occurs when behaviors are reinforced after a set number of behaviors are performed? a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio | back 199 C |
front 200 Cramming studying into one long session is known as _____. a. shallow processing b. spaced practice c. serial position effect d. massed practice | back 200 D |
front 201 Non-conscious processing which occurs without awareness, does not require large amount of cognitive resources is known as _____. a. automatic processing b. effortful processing c. maintenance encoding d. depth of processing | back 201 A |
front 202 When the removal of an unpleasant even strengthens the behavior it follows this is known as ____. a. positive reinforcement b. punishment by application c. negative reinforcment d. punishment by removal | back 202 C |