front 1 Compare and Contrast the Endocrine System and the Nervous System | back 1 Endocrine =chemical, hormones, long or short distances, fast or slow response time, internal target Nervous = Chemical/electrical, neurotransmitters, short distances, fast response time, internal and external targets Both work together to maintain homostasis |
front 2 What are autocrine signals and paracrine signals | back 2 autocrine= takes place within the same cell Paracrine= induce response in neighboring cell |
front 3 Describe hormones | back 3 The only cells with receptors specific to a given hormone will respond to that hormone. *help regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, sleep, fluid balance If it doesn't fit the receptor, NO RESPONSE |
front 4 Which hormones are charged? Anions? | back 4 Those from Amino Acids= peptides, proteins, amines *they need a receptor to get through the cell membrane |
front 5 Which hormones are lipid soluable? | back 5 Steroids ( no charge) they stick together, don't like water Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol * melt right into the cell membrane, don't need a receptor, theirs are on the inside |
front 6 Describe the G protein signaling pathway of action for hormones | back 6 1.-Ligand( hormone) binds to receptor ( second messenger) 2.-relay info into the cell ( made of G proteins) responsible for relaying hormonal information to downstream pathways 3.-The ligand ( hormone) binds to receptor, hits the enzyme, elicits response |
front 7 What is downregulation? | back 7 excess hormones make the body decrease the # of receptors to lower the response *they endocytosis, taken into the cell and used somewhere else ex. Diet high in sugar, overload, insulin binds to receptor, opens door to lower the BS ( wear out receptor) causes t2 diabetes |
front 8 What is upregulation? | back 8 Hormones are in small quantity-produce more receptors so even a small amt of hormones will give a response |
front 9 Three ways hormones act on target cells | back 9 Permissive=enable one to act on another ex. some reproductive hormones act on thyroid hormone Synergist= work together to give amplified response ex. FSH and estrogen=egg maturation Antagonist= opposing ex. Insulin ( lowers blood sugar) /Glucagon ( increase Blood sugar) |
front 10 Describe regulation of hormone release? | back 10 Negative and positive feedback loops Negative= stimulus, response, back to normal Positive= snowball effect. Stimulus enhanced by response |
front 11 Give an example of negative feedback loop | back 11 Blood sugar increases insulin released lowers blood sugar |
front 12 Give an example of positive feedback loop | back 12 ex. hypertension pressure in arteries pressure on kidneys kidney start to fail more pressure increased fluid =kidney failure |
front 13 How do endocrine glands know what they are suppose to do? 3 ways | back 13 Humoral Neural Hormonal |
front 14 What is a humoral change | back 14 changes in blood levels of non-hormone chemicals ex. Increase sodium levels, pee more, drink more, response is because of a change |
front 15 What is a neural change? | back 15 hormones are released in response to a neural stimuli ex. adrenal gland = fight or flight |
front 16 What is a hormonal change? | back 16 endocrine glands secrete hormones in response to another hormone ex. pituitary gland |
front 17 What is the master gland and what controls the master gland? | back 17 Pituitary gland is master gland controlled by the Hypothalamus |
front 18 What is the function of the hypothalamus | back 18 feeding, fleeing, fighting, reproduction |
front 19 Name the hormones that come from the anterior pituitary | back 19 GH- growth hormone PRL- prolactin, milk production TSH- thyroid stimulating ACTH= from adrenal cortex, corticosteroid hormones LH-Leutenizing ( like hairy apes) in males, females stimulates follicle maturity and triggers ovulation FSH- sperm in males, |
front 20 What is stored in the posterior pituitary | back 20 ADH=antidiuretic hormone ( retain fluid), detects osmolality ( level of salt and solute) Oxytocin= tend and befriend, milk letdown, uterine contractions |
front 21 Give an example of ADH in action | back 21 Eat salty Chinese food Blood osmolality increases because of sodium Body tries to retain fluid to dilute the sodium Acts on kidney tubules to retain the excess water making you thirsty |
front 22 If you drink alcohol why do you get dehydrated? | back 22 Increase in sugar Increase in urine output Alcohol inhibits antidiuretic so you loose fluids and feel awful |
front 23 What is a vasopressin? | back 23 it regulates BP by negative feedback Increase in blood osmolarity response is to release ADH ( ADH is a vasopressin) Causes=retention of fluid to balance it |
front 24 what is a tropic hormone? | back 24 Targets other hormones FSH=gonads ACTH=adrenal glands LH=gonads TSH=thyroid |
front 25 Where are melanocytes coming from? | back 25 intermediate pituitary gland |
front 26 Discuss GH | back 26 Growth hormone is a somatotropin Anabolic=regulates growth and promotes protein synthesis and tissue building |
front 27 What are some growth hormone disorders? | back 27 Gigantism= excessive GH in children Acromegaly= in adults, large hands, feet, face Pituitary dwarfism= low GH |
front 28 What is the TSH | back 28 thyroid stimulating hormone called thyrotropin( t3,t4) negative feedback ( low t3t4,TSH released or inhibited) regulates metabolism and calcium homeostasis |
front 29 Discuss the thyroid gland | back 29 thyroid hormone made in colloid cells needs iodine to facilitate TSH ( it binds to the AA to produce t3, t4) metabolism, protein synthesis and reproductive hormones, can cause sensitivity to E, NE |
front 30 What disorder is the cause of a Goiter? | back 30 thyroid disorder not enough iodine, hormone accumulates in the colloid cells |
front 31 What is hypothyroidism | back 31 low thyroid hormone levels weight gain, cold hands, not producing the energy needed |
front 32 What is hyperthyroidism? | back 32 elevated thyroid hormone can be from tumor? increased metabolism, anxiety, trembling *graves disease |
front 33 What is the role of calcitonin in they thyroid hormone? | back 33 decreases osteoclast activity ex. too much blood calcium, calcitonin helps inhibit osteoclast to keep more calcium from going into the blood |
front 34 How is thyroxine released? | back 34 TSH bind to receptors (needs iodine to do so) transporting to follicular cells Iodine binds to the AA in thryroglobulin to produce t3,t4 TSH stimulates the release of t3,t4 into the bloodstream |
front 35 give and example of negative feedback for thyroid hormone | back 35 Low T3T4 stimulate thyrotropin- cause release of TSH which release TsT4 into the bloodstream High levels of T3T4 decrease the production and secretion of TSH *thyroid regulates metabolism |
front 36 How does TH affect mitochondria? | back 36 ATP- regulates metabolism Protein synthesis for tissue and neurological development Catecholamine- NE,E sensitivity |
front 37 T4, T3 is what type of system | back 37 Second messenger -G protein |
front 38 What is the key role of the PTH | back 38 Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium uptake It increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts *causes reabsorption increase of calcium in the kidney tubules *activates vitamin D which helps in digestion and calcium absorption |
front 39 What is hyperparathyroidism | back 39 Over production of PTH Bones break, calcium deposits |
front 40 Hyperparathyroidism? | back 40 Low PTH Low blood calcium muscle twitches, cramping, spasms, can't build teeth enamel |
front 41 Describe the adrenal glands | back 41 Cortex- endocrine Medulla- Neural ( E, NE) *secrete adrenaline- Lipids -respond to stress, BP, fluid and electrolyte balance, inflammation |
front 42 Which layer is aldosterone secreted | back 42 Zona glomerulosa ( salt) Aldosterone increase BP in response to the adrenal hormone. It causes kidneys retain sodium ( angiotensin- asso. with kidneys and lungs) |
front 43 What hormone is a synergist to Aldosterone | back 43 Aldosterone and ADH- they both retain fluid |
front 44 What layer are the glucocorticoids in? | back 44 Zona Fasiculata- Sugar Cortisol- increases blood sugar( glucose), inhibits tissue building inhibits tissue building- down regulates immunity ( inhibits inflammation) so you can do things longer under stress |
front 45 Which layer is the Androgens found | back 45 Zona reticularis- Sex estrogen and testosterone, sex drive in women |
front 46 What does the Adrenal Medulla do? | back 46 Nervous tissue Produce NE, E Catecholamines ( chemical class) Sympathetic stress pathway |
front 47 Which hormone increases sodium Which hormone increased glucose | back 47 Aldosterone Cortisol |
front 48 What disorder is caused by hypersecretion of cortisol or ACTH | back 48 Cushing Disease-fatty deposits in neck and face, rounded face |
front 49 What is Addison disease | back 49 Hypo secretion=low glucose and sodium * crave salt, weakness, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, weightloss |
front 50 Discuss the function and release of melatonin | back 50 comes from pineal gland influences circadian rhythms |
front 51 Compare and contrast the two major pancreatic hormones | back 51 Insulin= lowers blood glucose ( facilitates glucose uptake) Glucagon= increases blood glucose. Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose ( glycogenolysis)* breaks down excess sugar |
front 52 Where are the hormones of the pancreas secreted from | back 52 islet of langerhans |
front 53 What do the alpha cells secrete | back 53 Glucagon- increase blood glucose to break down excess sugar ( glucose) 15-20 mins |
front 54 Give an example of Glycogenolysis | back 54 When you don't eat , breakdown glycogen stored in liver |
front 55 What hormone is secreted from the beta cells? | back 55 Insulin. ( gets produced in response to high glucose levels) Lowers blood sugar * opens the door to push glucose into the cell quickly to lower the blood sugar |
front 56 What causes type 2 diabetes | back 56 Excess sugar consumption wears out the receptors because insulin is always high |
front 57 What turns glucose into glycogen | back 57 Glucagon stimulates glucose to breakdown into glycogen |
front 58 What hormone is from the heart | back 58 ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide- it reduces sodium, water vasodilator- opens the blood vessels |
front 59 What is an Antagonist of ANP | back 59 Aldosterone- increases BP while ANP decreases BP ANP= amy needs to pee |
front 60 Describe Aldosterone again | back 60 It is a mineralocorticoid- raises BP Secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to a drop in BP. Tells the kidneys to retain sodium |