front 1 *Messenger RNA molecules contain information that is used to
synthesize ___________. | back 1 polypeptides |
front 2 *To begin transcription, RNA polymerase must bind to a segment of DNA
called the ____. | back 2 promoter |
front 3 *The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is called the ________
code. | back 3 genetic |
front 4 *Most eukaryotic genes contain noncoding sequences called ________
that are interspersed with the coding sequences. | back 4 introns |
front 5 *The polypeptide-making organelles, which consist of protein combined
with RNA, are called | back 5 ribosomes |
front 6 *During translation, amino acids are carried to the ribosome by
| back 6 tRNA |
front 7 *A codon is composed of how many bases? | back 7 three |
front 8 *The A, P, and E sites are progressively occupied by amino acids
being assembled into a polypeptide. These sites are part of | back 8 B. the large ribosomal subuni |
front 9 * Eukaryotes have ____ type(s) of RNA polymerase. | back 9 three |
front 10 1. DNA affects the traits of an organism by providing the
instructions for synthesizing _______. | back 10 A. proteins |
front 11 2. Gene expression involves two phases, ___________ and
translation. | back 11 B. transcription |
front 12 4. To begin transcription, RNA polymerase must bind to a segment of
DNA called the ____. | back 12 D. promoter |
front 13 5. The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the ______
strand. | back 13 A. coding |
front 14 6. During ________, a ribosome assembles a polypeptide whose amino
acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of
mRNA. | back 14 B. translation |
front 15 7. The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is called the
________ code. | back 15 D. genetic |
front 16 8. Crick and his colleagues proposed that the genetic code consists
of a series of blocks of information, called ______, each
corresponding to one amino acid in an encoded protein. | back 16 B. codons |
front 17 9. Gene ________ refers to the combined processes of transcription
and translation. | back 17 expression |
front 18 10. During transcription of mRNA in eukaryotes, some sequences are
cut out of the primary transcript and the remaining sequences are
joined together. This processing of mRNA is called _________. | back 18 splicing |
front 19 11. Most eukaryotic genes contain noncoding sequences called ________
that are interspersed with the coding sequences. | back 19 introns |
front 20 12. To remove noncoding sequences in the pre-mRNA of eukaryotes,
multiple snRNPs combine with proteins to form a larger complex called
the ___________ . | back 20 spliceosome |
front 21 13. The connection that exists between genes and hereditary traits is
based on using the information encoded in genes to synthesize | back 21 proteins |
front 22 14. Both DNA and RNA are made up of building blocks known as | back 22 nucleotides |
front 23 15. The "one-gene/one-enzyme" hypothesis was proposed
by | back 23 beadle and tatum |
front 24 16. The polypeptide-making organelles, which consist of protein
combined with RNA, are called | back 24 ribosomes |
front 25 17. During translation, amino acids are carried to the ribosome
by | back 25 tRNA |
front 26 18. During _______, RNA polymerase synthesizes a molecule of RNA
using DNA as a template. | back 26 transcription |
front 27 19. Which base in an anticodon will pair with the base adenine in a
codon? | back 27 uracil |
front 28 20. A codon is composed of how many bases? | back 28 three |
front 29 21. In eukaryotes, translation takes place | back 29 on ribosomes |
front 30 22. Ribosomes are complex aggregates of | back 30 RNA and proteins |
front 31 23. The A, P, and E sites are progressively occupied by amino acids
being assembled into a polypeptide. These sites are part of | back 31 the large ribosomal subunit |
front 32 24. In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs | back 32 inside the nucleus |
front 33 25. In prokaryotes, the form of RNA polymerase that can accurately
initiate synthesis of RNA is called | back 33 the holoenzyme |
front 34 26. During _________, nucleotide sequence information is changed into
amino acid sequence information. | back 34 translation |
front 35 27. The genetic code uses _________ nucleotide(s) to specify one
amino acid. | back 35 three |
front 36 28. Which statement about the genetic code is false? | back 36 C. Every codon codes for one amino acid. |
front 37 29. How many unique mRNA codons can be constructed from the four
different RNA nucleotides? | back 37 64 |
front 38 30. During translation, the nucleotides that make up the mRNA are
read in groups of three. These groups are called | back 38 codons |
front 39 31. The tRNA nucleotide sequence that pairs with bases on the mRNA is
called a(n) | back 39 anticodon |
front 40 32. Ribosome movement along the mRNA is called | back 40 transolcation |
front 41 33. Specific amino acids are attached to tRNA molecules by | back 41 A. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. |
front 42 34. Codons that serve as "stop" signals for translation are
recognized by | back 42 release factors |
front 43 35. When a polypeptide is being assembled, the bond that forms
between a newly added amino acid and the previous amino acid in the
chain is a _________ bond. | back 43 peptide |
front 44 36. During translation in prokaryotes, formation of the initiation
complex requires all of the following except | back 44 RNA polymerase |
front 45 37. Eukaryotic mRNA molecules may contain non-coding sequences that
must be removed before translation. These are called | back 45 introns |
front 46 38. The location of translation in prokaryotic cells is | back 46 on ribosomes |
front 47 39. In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA processing may involve all of the
following except | back 47 A. removal of exons from the pre-mRNA. |
front 48 40. During translation, uncharged tRNA molecules leave the ribosome
from the _________ site. | back 48 release |
front 49 41. The Central Dogma of biology can be stated as | back 49 DNA RNA proteins |
front 50 42. If the sequence of bases in the template strand of a DNA molecule
is 3' ATCGCTCC 5', what is the sequence of bases in the RNA that is
transcribed from this molecule? | back 50 C. 5' UAGCGAGG 3' |
front 51 43. The template strand of a DNA segment that codes for mRNA has the
sequence: ATGCGT. Which tRNA anticodons would pair with the mRNA that
is coded for by this sequence? | back 51 A. AUG CGU. |
front 52 44. Although 61 different codons code for amino acids, cells contain
fewer than 61 different tRNAs. Why? | back 52 A. Because the 5' base on the tRNA anticodon has some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can pair with more than one mRNA codon. |
front 53 45. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms differ in how they process
genetic information. Which statements best explain one of these
differences? | back 53 A. In prokaryotes, translation of the mRNA begins before transcription is complete. In eukaryotes, transcription and modification of the mRNA is completed before translation begins. |
front 54 46. What is the first step during transcription initiation in
prokaryotes? | back 54 B. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter |
front 55 47. Initiation of transcription differs from initiation of DNA
replication in several ways. One difference is that initiation of
transcription does not require | back 55 a primer |
front 56 48. Transcription in prokaryotes is carried out by ______, which
unwind(s) and transcribe(s) the gene. | back 56 RNA polymerase |
front 57 49. Eukaryotes have ____ type(s) of RNA polymerase. | back 57 three |
front 58 50. In eukaryotes, each type of RNA polymerase recognizes a
different | back 58 promoter |
front 59 51. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA molecules are modified | back 59 inside the nucleus |
front 60 52. In eukaryotes, the 3' poly-A tail is attached to | back 60 mRNA |
front 61 53. Why are there fewer tRNA anticodons than the 61 needed to match
each mRNA codon that codes for an amino acid? | back 61 C. There is some flexibility in pairing between the 3' base of the codon and the 5' base of the anticodon. |
front 62 54. During translation, translocation refers to | back 62 E. moving the ribosome along the mRNA molecule. |
front 63 55. During protein synthesis in eukaryotes, what happens during RNA
splicing? | back 63 D. The product of transcription, called the primary transcript, is cut and some pieces are joined back together to form the mature mRNA. |
front 64 56. During protein synthesis in eukaryotes, which molecule passes
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and specifies the sequence of amino
acids in the new polypeptide? | back 64 mRNA |
front 65 57. Which molecule combines with proteins to form both the large and
small ribosomal subunits? | back 65 rRNA |
front 66 58. You are conducting a genetic screen to isolate nutritional
mutants in yeast. Specifically, you want to isolate a double mutant
that cannot synthesize histidine or leucine, two nutrients essential
for growth. You start with a wild type yeast strain and mutagenize it
with a UV light. Which of the following outlines the remaining steps
for isolating such a mutant? | back 66 A. Grow mutagenized yeast on rich media. Then grow them on minimal media, as well as on minimal media containing histidine, minimal media containing leucine, and minimal media containing both histidine and leucine. Select for yeast that do not grow on minimal media, do not grow on media supplemented with only histidine or leucine, but do grow on minimal media supplemented with both histidine and leucine. |
front 67 59. Given the sentence "THE FAT CAT ATE THE RED RAT," which
of the following would represent a frameshift mutation? | back 67 . THE FAC ATA TET HER EDR AT |
front 68 60. What would happen if snRNAs did not recognize the branch point
within an intron? | back 68 a lariat would not form |
front 69 61. During the splicing reaction, the intron-exon junctions are
recognized by | back 69 snRNPs |
front 70 61. During the splicing reaction, the intron-exon junctions are
recognized by | back 70 a |
front 71 62. In prokaryotes, the RNA polymerase holoenzyme consists of | back 71 D. the core polymerase plus a sigma subunit. |
front 72 63. Two 6-base sequences are present in bacterial promoters: TATAAT
(located 10 nt upstream from the start site) and TTGACA (located 35 nt
upstream from the start site). What is the significance of the fact
that these two base sequences are different? | back 72 B. Both the location of the start site and the direction of transcription can be established. |
front 73 64. Within the transcription bubble, the 9 most recently added
nucleotides in the newly synthesized RNA strand temporarily form a
helix with the template DNA strand. How might transcription be
affected if helix formation did not occur? | back 73 D. The position of the 3' end of the RNA would be unstable, inhibiting elongation. |
front 74 65. Cells conserve energy and resources by making active proteins
only when they are needed. If a protein is not needed, which of the
following methods of control would be the most
energy-efficient? | back 74 A. block transcription |
front 75 66. What is required for formation of the transcription initiation
complex in eukaryotes? | back 75 A. binding of a transcription factor to the TATA box, followed by recruitment of additional transcription factors and recruitment of RNA polymerase II |
front 76 67. What is the likely consequence of a mutation that alters the
branch point within an intron? | back 76 B. failure to form a lariat |
front 77 68. You are working to characterize a novel protein in mice. Analysis
shows that high levels of the primary transcript that codes for this
protein are found in tissue from the brain, muscle, liver, and
pancreas. However, an antibody that recognizes the C-terminal portion
of the protein indicates that the protein is present in brain, muscle,
and liver, but not in the pancreas. What is the most likely
explanation for this result? | back 77 D. Alternative splicing in the pancreas yields a protein that is missing the portion that the antibody recognizes. |
front 78 69. The mutation responsible for Huntington's disease is a | back 78 D. triplet repeat expansion mutation. |
front 79 70. How would a large chromosomal inversion affect the expression of
a gene if the gene is located between the two break points but no
breaks occur within the gene? | back 79 A. The inversion would probably have no effect on gene expression. |
front 80 71. How does DNA polymerase differ from RNA polymerase? | back 80 D. Only DNA polymerase has a proofreading ability. |
front 81 72. A scientist makes three artificial mRNA strands: When he analyzes the polypeptides produced, he finds that: Based on these results only, the best conclusion to make is that A. AUA codes for isoleucine | back 81 C. AAA codes for lysine |
front 82 73. A bacterial cell has a nonsense mutation that prevents it from
producing a functional sigma subunit for RNA polymerase. Inability to
synthesize a functional sigma subunit would have the most direct
effect on | back 82 A. transcription initiation. |
front 83 74. What is the best way to describe our current understanding of the
one-gene/one-polypeptide hypothesis? | back 83 B. It applies to prokaryotes but not to eukaryotes. |
front 84 76. You are studying an individual with very low levels of insulin in
her blood. Further analysis indicates that cells of her pancreas are
producing normal levels of this protein, but most of it is
accumulating in the cytoplasm rather than being secreted from the
cells. Which hypothesis to explain this observation makes the most
sense? | back 84 A. A small deletion has removed the nucleotides that code for the signal sequence at the amino terminus of the protein. |
front 85 75. You are attempting to synthesize rRNA in a test tube using DNA
isolated from mouse cells. In addition to the template DNA,
ribonucleotides, and the necessary transcription factors, you should
also add _________ to the test tube. | back 85 D. RNA polymerase I |
front 86 77. A gene that codes for a protein was removed from a eukaryotic
cell and inserted into a prokaryotic cell. Although the gene was
successfully transcribed and translated, it produced a different
protein than it produced in the eukaryotic cell. What is the most
likely explanation? | back 86 C. Eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not. |
front 87 78. What is the base sequence, in the DNA template strand, of the
intron that is closest to the 3' end of this strand? DNA sequence: 5'-AGCACCTGCCGAATGGGCCAAATCCTGCCGAATAAA-3' RNA sequence (G* = G cap): 5'-G*AGCACCUGCCGCCUGCCGAAUAAAAAAA....-3' 78. What is the base sequence, in the DNA template strand, of the
intron that is closest to the 3' end of this strand? A. TCGTGGACGGC | back 87 B. TTACCCGGTTTA |
front 88 79. The RNA was most likely transcribed by | back 88 B. RNA polymerase I. |