The Union's defeat in battle at Bull Run in 1861 was better than a victory because

a.

Ulysses S. Grant took command of the army immediately after the setback.

b.

the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war.

c.

"Stonewall" Jackson was killed.

d.

it caused Lincoln to declare a war against slavery.

e.

it allowed European powers the chance to intervene on behalf of the South.

B

George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, is best described as

a.

disliked by his own men.

b.

aggressive.

c.

overly cautious.

d.

poorly prepared for military leadership.

e.

poorly organized.

C

After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General George McClellan made the mistake of

a.

taking too many risks.

b.

relying on Lincoln's military judgment.

c.

being unconcerned about the morale of his troops.

d.

not drilling his troops enough to prepare them for battle.

e.

consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him.

E

As a result of the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign

a.

Lincoln named George McClellan commander of the Union forces.

b.

the North decided to fight a war of containment.

c.

Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation.

d.

Lincoln decided that the key to the war was controlling the Mississippi River.

e.

the Union commanders were left without an overall military strategy.

C

After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except

a.

cutting the Confederacy in half by seizing the Mississippi River.

b.

marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas.

c.

blockading the Confederacy's coastline.

d.

liberating the slaves to undermine the southern economy.

e.

striking deep into the Confederacy via the Appalachian Mountain chain.

E

As a result of the Confederate victory in the Peninsula Campaign

a.

Robert E. Lee was named to command the entire Southern army.

b.

Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant as commander of the Union forces.

c.

Lincoln delayed his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

d.

the Union turned to a strategy of total war.

e.

Lincoln abandoned the war in the West.

D

Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because

a.

Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war.

b.

the British government clearly supported the Union.

c.

it would have been useless to try to run the blockade.

d.

profits were not high enough to justify the risk.

e.

the blockade did not cut off cotton shipments.

A

The most serious Confederate threat to the Union blockade came from

a.

British navy vessels on loan to the South.

b.

swift blockade-running steamers.

c.

the threat of mutiny from pro-southern sailors.

d.

the Confederate cruiser Alabama.

e.

the ironclad Merrimack (renamed the Virginia).

E

The Confederate blockade runner, the Merrimack, was

a.

destroyed by Union troops to prevent its use as a slave ship.

b.

captured and used by Union troops to help restore the Federal blockade.

c.

destroyed by Confederate soldiers to keep it out of the hands of Union troops.

d.

able to escape to British ports.

e.

used to ferry both British and French troops across the ocean.

C

After defeating McClellan at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Robert E. Lee decided to

a.

consolidate his forces to protect the Confederate capital.

b.

send Jeb Stuart's calvary to raid northern lines.

c.

invade the Union via Maryland.

d.

call for a ceasefire and peace negotiations.

e.

shift some of his troops to the Tennessee and Kentucky fronts.

C

In invading Maryland, one of Lee's key objectives was to

a.

show northerners how polished and well-equipped the Confederate army was.

b.

capture or destroy Union arsenals and railroad lines.

c.

destroy McClellan's army.

d.

capture Lincoln and his Cabinet.

e.

inspire the Border States to rise up and join the Confederacy.

E

A victory at Antietam probably would have won Confederate independence because

a.

the Union armies were already heavily demoralized.

b.

France and Britain were on the verge of recognizing the Confederate government.

c.

the Republicans would have lost the subsequent congressional elections.

d.

Lincoln would have been unable to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

e.

the Border States would have joined the Confederacy.

B

After halting Lee's troops at Antietam, General George McClellan

a.

retired from the military.

b.

moved to confront Lee again at Gettysburg.

c.

was appointed to command the main Western army.

d.

marched his army toward Atlanta.

e.

was removed from his field command.

E

One of the key developments enabling the Union to stop the Confederate thrust into the North at Antietam was

a.

Europe's refusal to help the South before the battle.

b.

the Union's discovery of Robert E. Lee's battle plans.

c.

Lincoln's removal of General McClellan from his command.

d.

the use of the new repeating rifle for the first time.

e.

the death of Stonewall Jackson during the battle.

B

The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil were

a.

Shiloh and Chancellorsville.

b.

Bull Run and Vicksburg.

c.

Gettysburg and Antietam.

d.

Peninsula Campaign and Fredericksburg.

e.

Mobile and Missionary Ridge.

C

The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it

a.

inflated an already dangerous overconfidence among Southerners.

b.

ended Lee's plan of invading the North.

c.

delayed Lincoln's plan to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.

d.

ensured the reelection of President Lincoln.

e.

probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.

E

The North's victory at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to

a.

issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

b.

seek military assistance from Great Britain.

c.

force the Border States to remain in the Union.

d.

keep General McClellan as commander of the Union forces.

e.

suppress Copperhead opposition in the North.

A

Slavery was legally abolished in the United States by the

a.

Union victory over the Confederates at Gettysburg.

b.

surrender terms of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox.

c.

Emancipation Proclamation.

d.

statutes of the individual states.

e.

Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

E

The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of

a.

reducing desertions from the Union army.

b.

strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.

c.

increasing popular support for the Republicans in the 1864 election.

d.

quieting public opposition to Lincoln's war policies.

e.

weakening Confederate morale.

B

When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves in

a.

the Border States.

b.

slave states that remained loyal to the Union.

c.

United States territories.

d.

Conferate states still in rebellion against the United States.

e.

areas controlled by the Union army.

D

Southern slaves ran away to Union camps at the rate of

a.

one in three.

b.

one in four.

c.

one in five.

d.

one in six.

e.

one in seven.

E

Northern soldiers became increasingly convinced of slavery's evils when

a.

Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

b.

abolitionists praised Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.

c.

slaves ran away to Union camps and persevered against all odds.

d.

the South called Lincoln a "fiend."

e.

None of these

C

All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation except

a.

mounting opposition in the North to an "abolition war."

b.

sharp increases in Union desertions.

c.

heavy congressional defeats for Lincoln's administration.

d.

growing upper-class European support for the Union.

e.

complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough.

D

During the Civil War

a.

blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.

b.

Southern armies found no way of utilizing slave labor.

c.

thousands of slaves rose in armed rebellion behind Southern lines.

d.

about one out of every four Union troops was black.

e.

captured black soldiers were treated well by Confederates.

A

African Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War

a.

carried out reprisals against captured slaveowners.

b.

served mainly in military support units.

c.

served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties.

d.

accounted for less than 1 percent of total Union enlistments.

e.

refused to serve under white officers.

C

Aside from ending slavery, blacks enlisted into the Union Army because they

a.

wanted to prove their manhood and increase their claim to full citizenship.

b.

desperately needed the jobs that military service provided.

c.

wanted revenge against abusive slave masters.

d.

hoped to obtain military pensions.

e.

None of these

A

The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army

a.

a month before the war ended.

b.

at the beginning of the war.

c.

as a response to the Emancipation Proclamation.

d.

to help in the attack on Gettysburg.

e.

in recognition that the idea of slavery was wrong.

A

Slaves hindered the Confederacy's war efforts in all of the following ways except

a.

work slowdowns and strikes that diminished productivity.

b.

instilling a fear of insurrections.

c.

creating the need for white men to guard slaves when they could have been on the warfront.

d.

serving as spies, guides and scouts for the Union army.

e.

poisoning military food supplies.

E

Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North through Pennsylvania in order to

a.

deliver a decisive blow that would strengthen the Northern peace movement.

b.

force the Union to ease its blockade of the South.

c.

cut Northern supply lines.

d.

stir northern draft resisters to rise in revolt.

e.

seize Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.

A

The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because

a.

Lee's army was effectively shattered.

b.

it guaranteed Lincoln's re-election in 1864.

c.

Philadelphia and New York were safe from attack.

d.

Lee's military genius and right-hand man, Stonewall Jackson, was killed.

e.

Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed.

E

The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance for all of the following reasons except

a.

it reopened the Mississippi River to Northern trade.

b.

coupled with the victory at Gettysburg, foreign help for the Confederacy was irretrievably lost.

c.

it helped to quell Northern peace agitation.

d.

it cut off the supply of cattle and other goods from Texas and Louisiana.

e.

it was the last major battle of the Civil War.

E

As a theorist of warfare, General William T. Sherman was

a.

a master of the quick, surprising attack.

b.

careful to avoid "collateral damage" to civilian lives and property.

c.

a believer in siege warfare.

d.

insistent on maintaining strict military discipline among his troops.

e.

a pioneer of the strategy of total warfare aimed at destroying civilian morale.

E

One consequence of General William T. Sherman's style of warfare was

a.

a longer war.

b.

the loss of more lives.

c.

fewer desertions on the Confederate side.

d.

southern resignation to defeat.

e.

a shorter war that saved lives.

E

The group in the North most dangerous to the Union cause was the

a.

Northern Peace Democrats.

b.

Radical Republicans.

c.

Northern War Democrats.

d.

Union Party.

e.

African Americans.

A

Clement L. Vallandigham, a Southern sympathizer and vocal opponent of the war, was derisively labeled a

a.

Carpetbagger.

b.

Contraband.

c.

Copperhead.

d.

Doughface.

e.

Prince of Jesters.

C

In the election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the prowar Democrats and founded the ____ party.

a.

Federal

b.

Liberty

c.

Union

d.

National

e.

Progressive

C

In the 1864 election, Abraham Lincoln's running mate was

a.

Salmon P. Chase.

b.

Wendell Phillips.

c.

William Tecumseh Sherman.

d.

Stephen A. Douglas.

e.

Andrew Johnson.

E

In the l864 election, the Democratic party nominated ____ to oppose Lincoln's reelection.

a.

George McClellan

b.

Ulysses S. Grant

c.

Andrew Johnson

d.

Clement C. Vallandigham

e.

Horace Greeley

A

The Union army's success in the capture of ____ was probably critical to Lincoln's reelection in 1864.

a.

Gettysburg and Harrisburg

b.

Richmond and Appomattox

c.

Vicksburg and Port Hudson

d.

Charleston and Columbia

e.

Atlanta and Mobile

E

General Ulysses S. Grant's basic strategy in the Civil War involved

a.

using long-range artillery assaults.

b.

striking tactically from the flanks.

c.

assailing the enemy's armies simultaneously and directly.

d.

destroying the enemy's economy and undermining civilian morale.

e.

surrounding enemy armies for a long siege.

C

During the Civil War, Grant lost one man for every ____, and Lee lost one man for every ____.

a.

10, 5

b.

5, 10

c.

5, 20

d.

2, 10

e.

5, 2

A

The assassination of Abraham Lincoln

a.

was a calamity for the South.

b.

benefited the South.

c.

had little effect on Reconstruction.

d.

saved him from possible impeachment.

e.

brought an abolitionist to the White House.

A

The supreme test of American democracy in the nineteenth century was

a.

the Revolution.

b.

surviving the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

c.

helping Britain to pass the Reform Bill of 1867.

d.

the War of 1812.

e.

the Civil War.

E

The Civil War resulted in all of the following except

a.

expanded federal powers of taxation.

b.

the end of nullification and secession.

c.

the creation of the first federal social welfare agency.

d.

the end of slavery.

e.

the end of protective tariffs and isolationism.

E

Scholars dispute whether the Civil War marked a watershed in American history for all of the following reasons except

a.

racial inequality persisted long after the war.

b.

industrial growth of the post-Civil War years had its real roots decades earlier in the Jacksonian era.

c.

regional differences between the North and South continued, even into the present.

d.

the lives of black and white Americans were not transformed by the war experience.

e.

None of these

D