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Festival 6 (Urinary and Acid, Base, Fluid Balance)

front 1 True or False: Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.	back 1 True
front 2 True or False: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.	back 2 False
front 3 Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption? descending limb of the nephron loop collecting duct ascending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule (DCT)	back 3 Collecting duct
front 4 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. increase in the production of aldosterone decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma decrease in the production of ADH increase in the production of ADH	back 4 Increase in the production of ADH

front 5 In what part of the renal tubule are aquaporins scarce or absent so that water CANNOT be reabsorbed? descending limb of the nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) collecting duct ascending limb of the nephron loop	back 5 Ascending limb of the nephron loop
front 6 What is the largest component of urine by weight, other than water? creatine salt phosphates urea	back 6 Urea
front 7 True or False: The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.	back 7 False
front 8 Where is filtrate produced in the nephron? vasa recta peritubular capillaries glomerulus juxtaglomerular complex	back 8 Glomerulus

front 9 Which pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus? colloid osmotic pressure in the capsular space colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (OPgc) hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs) hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)	back 9 hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)
front 10 Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur? proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule glomerulus collecting duct	back 10 Proximal convoluted tubule
front 11 The macula densa cells respond to ________. changes in pressure in the tubule aldosterone antidiuretic hormone changes in solute content of the filtrate	back 11 changes in solute content of the filtrate
front 12 What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle? glomerulus and renal tubule renal tubule and collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule	back 12 glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

front 13 True or False: Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.	back 13 True
front 14 True or False: Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na⁺ and water.	back 14 True
front 15 Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? podocyte cells granular cells mesangial cells macula densa	back 15 Podocyte cells
front 16 Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? angiotensin I and epinephrine angiotensin II and ADH angiotensin II and aldosterone angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide	back 16 angiotensin II and aldosterone

front 17 True or False : In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically. True False	back 17 TRUE
front 18 True or False : Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.	back 18 True
front 19 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. has a basement membrane has a blood pressure much lower than otherorgan systems is drained by an efferent arteriole is impermeable to most substances	back 19 is drained by an efferent arteriole
front 20 The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. glucose electrolytes hormones plasma protein	back 20 Plasma protein

front 21 True or False: The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.	back 21 False
front 22 True or False: Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.	back 22 True
front 23 True or False: Despite the fact that the kidney's intrinsic controls work to maintain a constant GFR, in some situations the body's extrinsic controls will work to override these intrinsic controls in order to maintain systemic blood pressure.	back 23 True
front 24 Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________. glucose potassium sodium water	back 24 Sodium

front 25 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 when the peritubular capillaries are dilated when the pH of the urine decreases by a decrease in the blood pressure	back 25 By a decrease in the blood pressure
front 26 What is the effect of hyperventilation on pH? metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis	back 26 Respiratory alkalosis
front 27 True or False: The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.	back 27 True
front 28 True or False: As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.	back 28 True

front 29 True or False: The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.	back 29 True
front 30 Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH? physiological buffering systems protein buffer system bicarbonate buffer system phosphate buffer system	back 30 Bicarbonate buffer system
front 31 Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues? the elderly infants growing children young adults	back 31 Infants
front 32 Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism? increase in blood pressure decrease in blood volume osmoreceptors detect increased osmolality dry mouth	back 32 Increase in blood pressure

front 33 Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body. a 25-year-old overweight female a 80-year-old man of average weight a 25-year-old male of average weight a 6-month-old baby boy	back 33 a 6 month old baby boy
front 34 In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake? 1500 ml 750 ml 250 mL 2500 ml	back 34 2500 ml
front 35 What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions? glucose electrolytes nonelectrolytes water	back 35 Electrolytes
front 36 A patient's anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why? The nurse instructed the patient to breathe faster and deeper. This will decrease the patient's blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating more carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH. The nurse instructed the patient to breathe more shallowly. This will decrease the patient's blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating more carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH. The nurse instructed the patient to breathe slower and deeper, and to breathe into a paper bag. This will increase the patient's blood level of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, and by breathing in the expired air which has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood pH will decrease. The nurse instructed the patient to breathe faster and deeper. This will increase the patient's blood levels of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the blood pH.	back 36 The nurse instructed the patient to breathe slower and deeper, and to breathe into a paper bag. This will increase the patient's blood level of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, and by breathing in the expired air which has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood pH will decrease.

front 37 Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? diet chemical buffer systems renal mechanism respiratory changes	back 37 Diet
front 38 A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis	back 38 Respiratory acidosis
front 39 The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________. electrolytic fluid interstitial fluid intracellular fluid plasma	back 39 Interstitial fluid
front 40 How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism? 2500 ml 750 ml 1500 ml 250 ml	back 40 250 ml

front 41 The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. hemoglobin protein phosphate bicarbonate	back 41 Bicarbonate
front 42 Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? phosphate nucleic acid protein bicarbonate	back 42 Nucleic acid
front 43 The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________. maintaining water balance maintaining phosphate balance maintaining HCO3- balance. maintaining CO2 balance	back 43 maintaining HCO3- balance.
front 44 The most common cause of acid-base imbalance is __________. respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis	back 44 Respiratory acidosis

front 45 A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis	back 45 Metabolic alkalosis
front 46 What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid? HPO42- Na+ Cl- K+	back 46 Na+
front 47 Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis	back 47 Metabolic acidosis
front 48 The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment	back 48 a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

front 49 True or False: The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.	back 49 False
front 50 What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day? sweat insensible loss through skin and lungs feces urine	back 50 Urine
front 51 The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. myogenic mechanism glomerular hydrostatic pressure colloid osmotic pressure of the blood capsular hydrostatic pressure	back 51 Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
front 52 True or False: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.	back 52 True

front 53 True or False: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.	back 53 True
front 54 Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. inhibits the release of ADH is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells increases secretion of ADH increases the rate of glomerular filtration	back 54 Inhibits the release of ADH
front 55 What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a system for concentrating urine a system for diluting urine a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure a system that protects the nephron from some chemicals found in blood	back 55 a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure
front 56 What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? The macula densa cells pass regulatory signals between the extraglomerular mesangial cells. The macula densa cells produce filtrate. The macula densa cells monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule. The macula densa cells sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.	back 56 The macula densa cells monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule.

front 57 Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney? renal pyramid renal corpuscle renal pelvis nephron	back 57 Nephron
front 58 True or False: The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.	back 58 True
front 59 Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process? glomerular filtration micturition tubular secretion tubular reabsorption	back 59 Micturition
front 60 In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located? renal medulla renal pelvis renal columns renal cortex	back 60 Renal cortex

front 61 What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus? efferent arteriole vasa recta afferent arteriole cortical radiate artery	back 61 Afferent arteriole
front 62 What region subdivides to form two or three major calyces and several minor calyces? Select from letters A-D. A B C D	back 62 C
front 63 True or False: Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.	back 63 True
front 64 Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. potassium bicarbonate iron chloride	back 64 Potassium

front 65 What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments? dehydration hypotonic hydration edema inflammation	back 65 hypotonic hydration
front 66 What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality? baroreceptors chemoreceptors thermoreceptors osmoreceptors	back 66 Osmoreceptors
front 67 True or False: Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.	back 67 True
front 68 The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here? water level in the intracellular compartment ionic potassium ionic sodium water level in the extracellular compartment	back 68 Ionic sodium

front 69 Where is the majority of water stored in the human body? interstitial fluid (IF) extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment plasma intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment	back 69 intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
front 70 Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions a runner has completed a very long marathon a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids	back 70 a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
front 71 The role of ADH is to __________. decrease water reabsorption lower blood pressure produce dilute urine increase water reabsorption	back 71 Increase water reabsorption
front 72 True and False: Potassium balance is controlled mainly by renal mechanisms.	back 72 True