front 1 absolute value | back 1 distance between a number and zero on the number line |
front 2 acid | back 2 any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water (pH<7) |
front 3 acid solutions | back 3 solutions that have a pH scale value less than 7 |
front 4 activation energy | back 4 energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur |
front 5 active verb | back 5 verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence |
front 6 active voice | back 6 state of a sentence that contains an active verb |
front 7 adaption | back 7 increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment |
front 8 addition principle | back 8 rule that makes it possible to move terms from one side of an equation to the other by adding opposites to each expression |
front 9 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | back 9 cellular fuel; produced in the mitochondria |
front 10 adjective | back 10 descriptive word that modifies nouns or pronouns |
front 11 adverb | back 11 word modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb indicating when, how, where, why, or how much |
front 12 alkane | back 12 hydrocarbon with only single bonds (CnH2n+2) |
front 13 alkene | back 13 hydrocarbon with one double bond (CnH2n) |
front 14 alkyne | back 14 hydrocarbon with one triple bond (CnH2n-2) |
front 15 alleles | back 15 two or more different forms of a certain gene |
front 16 alveoli | back 16 structure in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur |
front 17 amino acid | back 17 building blocks of proteins |
front 18 anatomical position | back 18 a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward |
front 19 anatomy | back 19 study of the structure of various organs and body systems |
front 20 anion | back 20 atom or molecule with a negative charge |
front 21 antecedent | back 21 noun that a pronoun refers back to (replace) |
front 22 anterior | back 22 toward the front of the body or body structure (opposite of posterior) |
front 23 antibody | back 23 protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen |
front 24 antigen | back 24 a foreign protein, such as a pathogen, that stimulates antibody production |
front 25 apostrophe | back 25 punctuation mark (')used to indicate possessiveness or the omission of letters or numbers |
front 26 Arabic numerals | back 26 written numbers that use a combination of the whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 |
front 27 arteries | back 27 blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries |
front 28 article | back 28 word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite - a, an - or definite - the |
front 29 atom | back 29 smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element |
front 30 atomic mass | back 30 number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom; the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element |
front 31 atomic number | back 31 number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom |
front 32 attributive tag | back 32 part of a sentence that indicates who said a direct quote |
front 33 audience | back 33 person or persons who will be reading a piece of writing |
front 34 author's intent | back 34 underlying reason why the author wrote the text |
front 35 autonomic nervous system | back 35 branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion |
front 36 autotroph | back 36 organism that is able to produce its own food |
front 37 axon | back 37 part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects on neuron with another neuron over a synapse |
front 38 B cell | back 38 type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens; responsible for humoral immunity |
front 39 bar graph | back 39 graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as vertical or horizontal, non-touching bars; data is usually noncontinuous |
front 40 base | back 40 any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water (pH>7) |
front 41 basic solutions | back 41 solutions that have a pH scale value greater than 7 |
front 42 biases | back 42 opinions or beliefs that affects a person's ability to make fair, unclouded judgments or decisions |
front 43 binomial | back 43 polynomial that has two terms |
front 44 binomial nomenclature | back 44 two-word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism; developed by Carolus Linnaeus |
front 45 bronchial tubes | back 45 small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs |
front 46 calories | back 46 Joules |
front 47 capillaries | back 47 tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body |
front 48 catalyst | back 48 substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction |
front 49 cation | back 49 atom or molecule with a positive charge |
front 50 cause-effect text structure | back 50 first presents an action, and then describes the effects that result (or may result) from that action |
front 51 cell | back 51 basic unit of all life |
front 52 cell wall | back 52 outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plant cells |
front 53 cellular respiration | back 53 process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate |
front 54 Celsius | back 54 metric temperature scale defined (at standard pressure) by the meeting point of ice (0 degree Celsius) and the boiling point (100 degrees Celsius) of liquid water |
front 55 central nervous system | back 55 branch of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord |
front 56 centrosome | back 56 microtubules organizing center that helps to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis |
front 57 charge | back 57 positive or negative distribution within an object |
front 58 Charles Darwin | back 58 evolutionary biologist who studied life on the Galapagos Islands in the 1800s and wrote "On the Origin Species", in which he explained adaption and natural selection |
front 59 chemical bonding | back 59 chemical attraction of atoms due to their electron arrangement |
front 60 chemical reaction | back 60 dynamic event that alters the chemical makeup of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set |
front 61 chemotaxis | back 61 release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells |
front 62 chlorophyll | back 62 green pigment in plants |
front 63 chloroplast | back 63 organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plants; used to carry out photosynthesis |
front 64 chromatid | back 64 one of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another; a pair of matching "sister" chromatids make up the duplicated chromosome |
front 65 chromosomes | back 65 condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and containing hundreds of genes |
front 66 chyme | back 66 mixtures of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach |
front 67 cilia | back 67 tiny hairs in the bronchial tubes that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs |
front 68 circle graph | back 68 divided into sectors representing the frequency of an event; sectors total 100% |
front 69 circulatory system | back 69 transportation highway for the entire body (also known as the cardiovascular system) |
front 70 clause | back 70 group of words that are related and contain both a subject and a property conjugated verb |
front 71 codon | back 71 group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid |
front 72 coefficient | back 72 numerical part of a term |
front 73 colon | back 73 punctuation mark (;) used to indicate that there is information to follow |
front 74 comma | back 74 punctuation mark (,) used to indicate a break or pause within a sentence |
front 75 comparison-contrast text structure | back 75 presents two different cases, usually with the intent of making the reader consider the differences (or similarities) between the two cases |
front 76 compass-rose | back 76 symbol that indicates the cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west) as they relate to the map |
front 77 complex sentence | back 77 sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause |
front 78 compound sentence | back 78 two (or more) independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction |
front 79 connective tissue | back 79 connects different structures of the body; includes bones, cartilage, adipose tissue (fats), and blood vessels |
front 80 constant | back 80 quantity that does not change; it's what students refer to as "numbers" such as 8, -3, 1/2, 1/4, 0.45, etc |
front 81 context | back 81 text surrounding a word, phrase, or passage |
front 82 context clues | back 82 words surrounding an unfamiliar word that can help a reader discern the meaning of the unfamiliar word |
front 83 coordinating conjunctions | back 83 words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal; in English, there are only seven, and they may be remembered using the actonym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) |
front 84 covalent | back 84 sharing of electrons between atoms |
front 85 cristae | back 85 series of folds formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
front 86 critical reading | back 86 reading style where the reader carefully analyzes the text, judging its credibility and the author's intentions, rather than simply accepting the material as fact |
front 87 crude birth rate | back 87 number of childbirth per 1,000 people per year |
front 88 crude death rate | back 88 number of deaths per 1,000 people per year |
front 89 crystalline order | back 89 atoms arranged in a high ordered state |
front 90 cumulative sentence | back 90 contains an independent clause followed by a parallel string of modifiers; modifiers may be adjectives; prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses |
front 91 cytokines | back 91 chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues |
front 92 cytokinesis | back 92 division and separation of the cytoplasm from one cell into two new cells; is accomplished by pinching off of the cell membrane to form two cells while simultaneously synthesizing an additional membrane to help in the process; begin in late anaphase and completes in telophase |
front 93 cytoplasm | back 93 rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles |
front 94 deductions | back 94 items that are subtracted from a beginning salary (i.e., state taxes, federal taxes, health insurance, and retirement contributions) |
front 95 deductive reasoning | back 95 method whereby conclusions follow from a general principle |
front 96 deep | back 96 away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial) |
front 97 degree | back 97 exponent or sum of exponents of the variable(s) of a term |
front 98 dendrites | back 98 branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messages) from other neurons and stimuli |
front 99 denominator | back 99 b in the fraction a/b |
front 100 density | back 100 ratio of mass per volume for a substance |
front 101 dependent clause | back 101 group of words containing a subject with a properly conjugated verb that is made dependent or incomplete because of the addition of a subordinating conjunction |
front 102 dependent variable | back 102 depends on another variable |
front 103 description | back 103 passage of text that describes or characterizes a person, thing, or idea |
front 104 diapedesis | back 104 process of white blood cells squeezing through the capillary slits in response to cytokines |
front 105 diaphragm | back 105 dome-shaped muscle located immediately below the lungs that stimulates inhalation and exhalation by contraction and relaxing |
front 106 diatomic molecule | back 106 molecule consisting of two atoms |
front 107 digestion | back 107 mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods |
front 108 digestive system | back 108 manufactures enzymes that break down food so that nutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use through the body; consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involved in the ingestion, breakdown, and processing of food |
front 109 diploid cell | back 109 containing two sets of chromosomes |
front 110 direct dialogue (or direct discourse) | back 110 writing that reflects someone's exact words, often with an attributive tag, using quotation marks |
front 111 direct object | back 111 noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the question whom or what |
front 112 distal | back 112 away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of proximal) |
front 113 distance scale | back 113 information in the legend that tells the reader how to interpret distances on the map |
front 114 distributive property | back 114 property that removes prenthesis in an expression, such as a(x+y)=ax+ay |
front 115 dividend | back 115 quantity to be divided |
front 116 divisor | back 116 quantity by which another quantity is dividend |
front 117 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | back 117 a molecule that exists as a double-stranded helix made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases |
front 118 dorsal body cavity | back 118 contains the cranial cavity and spinal column |
front 119 duodenum | back 119 first section of the small intestine |
front 120 effectors | back 120 glands and muscles that are innervated and extend away from the spinal cord |
front 121 electrolysis | back 121 use of electric current to drive the breakdown of a molecule |
front 122 electromagnetic waves | back 122 waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields; waves are members of a spectrum, a continuum of wavelengths raising from very short (trillionth of a meter) to very long (kilometers) that are divided into bands of wavelengths, ordered from short to long in the order of gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves; visible part of the spectrum can be further subdivided by color bands from short to long in the order of violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red |
front 123 electronegativity | back 123 ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself |
front 124 electrons | back 124 negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus |
front 125 element | back 125 substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus (e.g., all atoms of hydrogen have 1 proton, and atoms of oxygen have 8 protons) |
front 126 ellipsis | back 126 punctuation mark (...) used to indicate a pause or omission of material |
front 127 embryo | back 127 early development of an animal or a plant after fertilization |
front 128 emigration | back 128 act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another |
front 129 endocrine system | back 129 controls body functions; glands in this system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body to regulate processes such as growth and metabolism |
front 130 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | back 130 tubular transport network with the cell that appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs |
front 131 enzyme | back 131 protein catalyst; chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered; a chemical that breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream |
front 132 epithelial tissue | back 132 provides covering (such as skin tissue) or produces secretion (such as glandular tissue); commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply |
front 133 equation | back 133 mathematical sentence in which two expressions are set equal to each other |
front 134 estimate | back 134 approximate value |
front 135 etymology | back 135 history of a given word; a word's origin |
front 136 eukarya | back 136 organism that contains cellular organelles; organisms that has cells that contain nuclei (protists, plants. fungi and animals) |
front 137 excision repair | back 137 mechanism that inspects the DNA for damage and attempts to repair it |
front 138 expiration | back 138 act of exhailing carbon dioxide from the body |
front 139 exponents | back 139 number written as a superscript that is used to denote the number of times a number should be multiplied by itself |
front 140 expository writing | back 140 introduces a topic or provides background information for later remarks |
front 141 expression | back 141 one or more terms consisting of any combination of constants and/or variables |
front 142 fact | back 142 information based on real, provable events or situations |
front 143 fertility rate | back 143 average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (from the ages of 15 to 44) |
front 144 first-person point of view | back 144 perspective in which the narrator is the one speaking, evidenced by the use of the first-person pronoun I or we |
front 145 flagella | back 145 long, whip-like structure used for cellular movement in certain prokaryotic cells |
front 146 FOIL | back 146 acronym that represents the order in which two binomials can be multiplied; stands for first, outer, inner, last |
front 147 frontal section | back 147 cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions; coronal section |
front 148 gametes | back 148 cells of reproduction |
front 149 ganglia | back 149 collection of nerve cell bodies |
front 150 gendered language | back 150 specifies male or female gender using words such as he or she; neuter gender words like it do not specify male or female gender, but are rare in English |
front 151 gene | back 151 portion of DNA on a chromosome that provides information for an organism's characteristics; genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell |
front 152 genome | back 152 complete set of DNA for an individual; contains all genes |
front 153 genotype | back 153 organism's underlying genetic makeup or code |
front 154 germ cells | back 154 reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum |
front 155 globular protein | back 155 protein that is roughly spherical in shape |
front 156 Golgi apparatus | back 156 structure involved in packaging and transporting proteins in the cell |
front 157 greatest common factor | back 157 greatest number that will divide evenly into two or more numbers |
front 158 haploid cell | back 158 one set of chromosomes |
front 159 headings | back 159 titles that preface a section of text; advertise the subject of the text below, making it easier to skim or search form a particular topic; give the text structure |
front 160 heart | back 160 organ that rhythmically contracts and pumps blood throughout the body |
front 161 heat | back 161 flow of energy due to a difference in temperature |
front 162 heat of vaporization | back 162 amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas |
front 163 heterotroph | back 163 organism that cannot produce its own food |
front 164 heterozygous | back 164 having received different alleles for a particular trait from each parent |
front 165 histogram | back 165 graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as vertical, touching bars, and data is usually continuos |
front 166 historical context | back 166 time and place in which a text was written; style and content of a text are part of its historical context |
front 167 homeotasis | back 167 a stable stat in which all the needs of a body are met and all of the organ systems working properly together |
front 168 homologous | back 168 similiar in size and function |
front 169 homozygous | back 169 having received the same allele for a particular trait from both parents |
front 170 hydrocarbon | back 170 compound whose structure is entirely composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms |
front 171 hyphen | back 171 punctuation mark (-) used to connect parts of a word or to join separate words together |
front 172 hypothesis | back 172 possible explanation formulated to answer questions that are being investigated; involves making predictions that follow from the initial statement of a problem |
front 173 immigration | back 173 act of an individual moving into a region or country to live |
front 174 immune system | back 174 tissues, cells, and organs that work together to fight off illness and disease |
front 175 improper fraction | back 175 fraction whose numerator is greater than its denominator |
front 176 incomplete dominance | back 176 dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype |
front 177 independent clause | back 177 clause that has a complete meaning |
front 178 independent variable | back 178 does not depend on another variable; affects the dependent variable |
front 179 index | back 179 listing of important names, ideas, and topics from the publication, along with page numbers (or links to those items); traditionally appears at the end of the publication |
front 180 indirect dialogue (for indirect discourse) | back 180 writing that reflects the idea of someone else's words but does not quote them directly |
front 181 inductive reasoning | back 181 arriving at general principles from specific facts |
front 182 inequality | back 182 mathematical sentence in which one expression may not be equal to another expression |
front 183 inference | back 183 logical conclusion or next step; inferred conclusion not actually written in the text, but deduced by the reader, based on information that is in the text |
front 184 inferior | back 184 toward the lower end of the body or body structure (opposite of superior) |
front 185 inspiration | back 185 act of breathing in oxygenated air |
front 186 integumentary system | back 186 protects internal tissue from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature; serves as a barrier to pathogens; consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails |
front 187 interferon | back 187 protein that inhibits the reproduction of a vein |
front 188 intermediate | back 188 between the medial and lateral aspects of the body or body structures |
front 189 interphase | back 189 process that occurs prior to mitosis; occurs when the cell must duplicate its DNA, increase the amount of organelles and cytoplasm, and synthesize protein in preparation for cell division; three stages of interphase are Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2) |
front 190 ion | back 190 positively or negatively charged atom |
front 191 ionic | back 191 electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges |
front 192 irrational number | back 192 any real number that cannot be written as a fraction |
front 193 isotope | back 193 atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons |
front 194 Joule | back 194 a common metric unit of energy (1 calorie=4.2 Joules) |
front 195 Kelvin | back 195 metric temperature scale defined by an absolute zero reference point (0 Kelvin= -273 degrees Celsius, the temperature at which molecular motion ceases) |
front 196 kinetic energy | back 196 the energy of motion |
front 197 latent heat | back 197 heat per mass needed for a phase change at a constant temperature |
front 198 lateral | back 198 toward the outer sides of the body or body structure (opposite of medial) |
front 199 Law of Conversation of Energy | back 199 If a system is closed, the total amount of energy in the system does not change; however, energy can be changed from one form to another |
front 200 least common denominator (LCD) | back 200 smallest common multiple of the denominators; the LCD of two fractions is the least number that both denominators divide into evenly |
front 201 legend | back 201 small portion of a map devoted to explaining the symbols and notations used in the main portion of the map |
front 202 leukocytes | back 202 white blood cells |
front 203 Lewis structure | back 203 symbolic representation of covalent bonding between atoms |
front 204 light-year | back 204 distance that light will travel within 1 year |
front 205 like terms | back 205 terms that have the same variable and the same exponent associated with that variable |
front 206 line graph | back 206 shows change over time; compares the relationship between two or more quantities |
front 207 logical conclusion | back 207 well-reasoned idea that stems from the information in the text, not from the reader's personal ideas or biases |
front 208 loose sentence | back 208 see cumulative sentence |
front 209 lungs | back 209 paired organs that take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide |
front 210 lymphatic system | back 210 supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes; returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels; consists of the lymph nodes, the vessels that carry lymph, the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils |
front 211 lyse | back 211 Latin word for break; used in biology and chemistry to mean rupture or destruction of the cell membrane, a cell membrane, a cell structure ,or a molecule |
front 212 lysosome | back 212 organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts |
front 213 main idea | back 213 specific message of a writing |
front 214 mass | back 214 quantity of matter within an object |
front 215 mass number | back 215 total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucleus of an atom matter anything that takes up space and has mass |
front 216 medial | back 216 toward the middle of the body or body structure (opposite of lateral) |
front 217 meiosis | back 217 process by which gametes reduce their DNA content |
front 218 metabolic pathways | back 218 chemical reactions within a cell |
front 219 metabolism | back 219 chemical reaction in living organisms used to maintain life |
front 220 metalloids | back 220 elements that may accept or donate electrons readily; possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties |
front 221 metals | back 221 elements that readily donate electrons and are good conductors of electricity; donate highly conductive electrons to their environment |
front 222 metaphase plate | back 222 disc extending across the nuclear area on which the chromosomes are found at metaphase just prior to separation of the chromosomes during mitosis |
front 223 microtubules | back 223 cellular tracks that form the mitotic spindle during mitosis |
front 224 mircovilli | back 224 microscopic projections of tissues that make up the villi |
front 225 midsagittal section | back 225 sagittal section made the median of the body |
front 226 mismatch repair | back 226 mechanism that scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of nitrogenous bases |
front 227 mitochondrion | back 227 powerhouse of the cell |
front 228 mitosis | back 228 process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell |
front 229 mixed number | back 229 number that represents the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction |
front 230 molecule | back 230 group of chemically bonded atoms that posses characteristics independent of the atoms themselves |
front 231 monomial | back 231 polynomial that has only one term |
front 232 multiplication principle | back 232 rule that states that the equality of an equation does not change if both sides of an equation are multiplied by the same nonzero number |
front 233 muscle tissue | back 233 dedicated to producing movement; three types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
front 234 muscular system | back 234 consists of skeletal muscles, tendon that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints |
front 235 mutagen | back 235 substance that induces mutations |
front 236 mutation | back 236 permanent change in DNA sequence |
front 237 narrative writing | back 237 relates a chain of events or tells a story |
front 238 natural selection | back 238 process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce in their natural environment than other members of the species (survival of the fittest) |
front 239 nervous system | back 239 serves as the body's control system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
front 240 nervous tissue | back 240 structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; made up of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body |
front 241 neurons | back 241 specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit electrical impulses |
front 242 neutron | back 242 neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
front 243 nitrogenous base | back 243 molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells |
front 244 nominalization | back 244 changing a verb, adverb, or adjective to a noun |
front 245 nonrestrictive clause | back 245 group of words that contains a subject and a properly conjugated verb but does not contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence |
front 246 nonrestrictive phrase | back 246 group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb and does not contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence |
front 247 noun | back 247 a word for a person, place, or thing |
front 248 nucleic acid | back 248 chain of nucleotides |
front 249 nucleoid | back 249 condensed DNA of a cell |
front 250 nucleolus | back 250 small body within the nucleus that functions to produce ribosomes that are then moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins |
front 251 nucleotide | back 251 molecule that consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
front 252 nucleus | back 252 central region of an atom; large organelle that is the control center of the entire cell |
front 253 numerator | back 253 a in the fraction |
front 254 object of the preposition | back 254 noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause to which the preposition refers |
front 255 opinion | back 255 belief based on personal judgment, rather no indisputable facts |
front 256 orbital shell | back 256 arrangement of electrons within a specific region around the nucleus |
front 257 ordered pair | back 257 denotes the x-coordinate (position of a point along the horizontal axis) and y-coordinate (position of the point along the vertical axis) on a graph, written (x,y) |
front 258 organ | back 258 two or more tissue types that work together to perform a specific function |
front 259 organelle | back 259 tiny organ |
front 260 organic chemistry | back 260 study of the structure and properties of carbon compounds |
front 261 organism | back 261 living body made up of several organ systems |
front 262 oxidation | back 262 electron donation by a chemical group that leaves that group with one less electron and a more positive charge |
front 263 paragraph | back 263 group of sentences that forms a cohesive whole due to a similar topic or theme |
front 264 parasympathetic nerve | back 264 branch of the autonomic nervous system that is active when a person is eating or at rest |
front 265 parentheses | back 265 punctuation marks () used to indicate interjectory, explanatory, or qualifying material; parentheses always come in pairs |
front 266 passive verb | back 266 comprised of be plus a past participle that shifts the action of a sentence from the subject to the oject |
front 267 passive voice | back 267 state of a sentence that contains a passive verb |
front 268 pathogen | back 268 any disease-causing agent |
front 269 pentose | back 269 type of sugar |
front 270 percent | back 270 ratio whose denominator is 100; per 100 |
front 271 perforin | back 271 pore-forming protein |
front 272 periodic sentence | back 272 independent clause is delayed until the end of the sentence and is often preceded by parallel strings of modifiers |
front 273 peripheral nervous system | back 273 branch of the nervous system that extends outside of the central nervous system and consists of the cranial and spinal nerves |
front 274 peristalsis | back 274 rhythmic contractions of the stomach and intestines that propel food toward the colon and anus |
front 275 peroxisome | back 275 organelle used to rid the body of toxic components |
front 276 persuasive writing | back 276 writing intended to change the reader's mind or form the reader's opinion on a particular topic |
front 277 pH | back 277 measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; the scale used to measure the strength of acidic solutions; pH= -log (hydrogen ion concentration) |
front 278 pH indicator | back 278 chemical detector of hydrogen ions to visually determined acidity (color change) |
front 279 phagocytosis | back 279 engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells |
front 280 phase transition | back 280 alteration of the physical state of a substance between a solid, liquid, and gas |
front 281 phenotype | back 281 physical expression of genetic traits |
front 282 phosphate group | back 282 molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together |
front 283 photosynthesis | back 283 process carried out by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria, in which the energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose |
front 284 phrase | back 284 group of words that are related bu do not contai a verb and a subject together |
front 285 physical bonding | back 285 physical connection between atoms (or molecules) that does not alter the chemical nature of the atoms (or molecules) |
front 286 physiology | back 286 study of the function of the various organs and body system |
front 287 pie chart | back 287 see circle graph |
front 288 plasmids | back 288 small circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid |
front 289 point of view | back 289 perspective from which an author writers |
front 290 polar molecule | back 290 possesses both positive and negative regions |
front 291 polynomial | back 291 term or combination of terms |
front 292 possessive pronoun | back 292 used to indicate ownership |
front 293 posterior | back 293 toward the back of the body or body structure (opposite of anterior) |
front 294 potential energy | back 294 stored energy |
front 295 prefix | back 295 group of letters added to the beginning of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning |
front 296 preposition | back 296 words such as by, at, to, and from that give additional information, usually in relationship to something else |
front 297 primary source | back 297 firsthand record of events, theories, opinions, or actions; either published or unpublished documents, recordings, or artifacts that are contemporary to the events, people, or information that is at tissue |
front 298 problem-solution text structure | back 298 prevents a problem or question, and then responds with a solution or answer |
front 299 products | back 299 substances formed as the result of chemical reactions |
front 300 prokaryote | back 300 single-celled organism lacking defined cellular organelles or a nucleus |
front 301 pronoun | back 301 word that replaces a noun |
front 302 proper fraction | back 302 fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator |
front 303 proportion | back 303 two ratios that are set equal to each other |
front 304 protein | back 304 compound composed of a large number of amino acids joined in a particular type of chemical bond called a peptide bond |
front 305 proton | back 305 positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
front 306 proximal | back 306 close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of distal) |
front 307 Punnett square | back 307 graphical way to show all possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes |
front 308 purine | back 308 nitrogenous base with two rings (adenine and guanine) |
front 309 purpose of a passage | back 309 main reason or intent for writing a particular piece |
front 310 pyloric sphincter | back 310 muscle that separates the stomach from the duodenum and slowly releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum) |
front 311 pyrimidine | back 311 nitrogenous base with one ring (thymine, cytosine, uracil) |
front 312 quantitative | back 312 relating to numbers |
front 313 quotation marks | back 313 punctuation marks (" ") used to indicate the exact phrasing of material or to show dialogue; always come in parts |
front 314 quotient | back 314 c in the equation = c |
front 315 rate of charge | back 315 speed at which something changes |
front 316 ratio | back 316 relationship between two quantities |
front 317 rational number | back 317 any real number that can be written as a fraction |
front 318 reactants | back 318 substances consumed or altered in a chemical reaction |
front 319 real number | back 319 any number on the number line |
front 320 reciprocal | back 320 the multiplicative inverse of a number; the reciprocal of a/b is b/a |
front 321 reduction | back 321 electron acceptance by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group |
front 322 reflex | back 322 automatic response to a stimulus that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain |
front 323 reproductive system | back 323 main purpose is to produce offspring; hours hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body (e.g., libido and aggression)and influences the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics; consists of the testes and penis or the ovaries, vagina, and breasts |
front 324 respiratory system | back 324 organ system that provides for air exchange by supporting tissues with oxygenated blood and removing carbon dioxide |
front 325 ribosome | back 325 organelle responsible for synthesizing protein within the cell from amino acids |
front 326 RNA (ribonucleic acid) | back 326 single-stranded molecule made from sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases; required for the transfer and translation of the DNA code within a cell |
front 327 Roman numerals | back 327 written numbers that use a combination of M, D, C, L, X, V, and I |
front 328 root word | back 328 a word in its simplest form before any affixes are attached |
front 329 sagittal section | back 329 cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts |
front 330 salt | back 330 neutral product of an anion and a cation |
front 331 saturated hydrocarbon | back 331 chemical structure composed entirely of single bonds |
front 332 scale | back 332 any standard instrument of measurement that has marking at established intervals |
front 333 second-person point of view | back 333 perspective in which the writer directly addresses the reader using the pronoun you |
front 334 secretion | back 334 process of moving proteins outside of the cell |
front 335 semicolon | back 335 punctuation mark (;) used to indicate division between equal elements in a sentence |
front 336 sensory neurons | back 336 neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord |
front 337 sensory-somatic nervous system | back 337 part of the peripheral nervous system that consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves. and associated ganglia; controls voluntary actions of the body |
front 338 sequence | back 338 ordered list of thoughts or ideas |
front 339 simple sentence | back 339 contains only one independent clause and no dependent clauses |
front 340 simplified fraction | back 340 has no common factors between the numerator and the denominator except for the number 1 (a reduced fraction) |
front 341 skeletal system | back 341 supports and protects the body and its organs; supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, creates movement; serves as storage for minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus; consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints |
front 342 specific heat | back 342 energy required to raise one unit of mass in a substance by 1 degree Celcius |
front 343 stem cells | back 343 can divide and remain undifferentiated; gives rise to a variety of more-specialized cells |
front 344 stereotypes | back 344 oversimplified opinions about an entire group of people or things that do not account for individual differences |
front 345 stimulus | back 345 change in the environment that triggers a physical response |
front 346 subheadings | back 346 headings that appear below other headings; appear in a smaller typeface than headings, so that they may easily be distinguished; single heading may have many subheadings, and these subheadings may have their own subheadings |
front 347 subject | back 347 noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb in a sentence; if a sentence contains a verb of being or a linking verb such as be, feel, become, or look, the subject of the sentence is the noun or pronoun being described |
front 348 subordinating conjunction | back 348 word that joins two or more clauses and makes the clause that contains it dependent on another clause, and therefore of slightly less importance; there are many subordinating conjunctions, but some common ones are because, though, although, while, if, and as if |
front 349 substrate | back 349 molecule acted upon by an enzyme |
front 350 suffix | back 350 group of letters added to the end of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning |
front 351 summary sentence | back 351 recaps the essential point(s) of a paragraph, or of a larger work, such as an essay; gives the reader the take-away message for the paragraph, or for the larger work |
front 352 superficial | back 352 toward or at the body surface (opposite of deep) |
front 353 superior | back 353 toward the upper end of the body or body structure (opposite of inferior) |
front 354 support | back 354 examples and details that explain the topic of a paragraph; follows the topic sentence |
front 355 supporting details | back 355 details that explain the main idea |
front 356 sympathetic nerve | back 356 branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated when a person is excited or scared |
front 357 synapse | back 357 fluid-filled gap that connects the axon of one nerve cell with the cell body of another |
front 358 T cell | back 358 lymphocyte that is responsible for cellular immunity |
front 359 table of contents | back 359 listing of a publication's chapters, sections, or other organizational units; includes page numbers |
front 360 take-home pay | back 360 money received after deductions are subtracted from the beginning salary |
front 361 taxonomy | back 361 classification of organisms into universally accepted taxons; names reflect the organism's evolutionary heritage |
front 362 technical writing | back 362 writing that passes along specific information or knowledge in a formal or standardized way |
front 363 term | back 363 constant, variable, or product of a constant and variable |
front 364 text features | back 364 formatting that serves a consistent purpose in a document; add meaning to the text that they modify, change the text's meaning, or add structure and clarity to the document |
front 365 text structure | back 365 way of organizing text to better present thoughts or ideas; includes sequence, problem-solution, comparison-contrast, description, and cause-effect |
front 366 themes | back 366 subjects that a written work frequently touches upon |
front 367 third-person point of view | back 367 perspective in which the narrator is distanced from the story and tells it as an outsider; third-person pronouns such as he, she, or they |
front 368 tissue | back 368 collection of cells in an organism that have a similar function and structure |
front 369 topic | back 369 general subject matter covered by a writing |
front 370 topic sentence | back 370 generally at or near the beginning of a paragraph; gives the topic or point of the paragraph and often explains that topic in relation in relation to the overall theme of the writing |
front 371 trachea | back 371 airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tubes; also known as the windpipe |
front 372 transcription | back 372 process of cells copying the instruction from the DNA into the RNA |
front 373 transition | back 373 smooth movement from one idea to the next, from one sentence to the next, or from one paragraph to the next; transition words may include additionally, finally, similarity, next, however, and furthermore |
front 374 translation | back 374 process of protein reduction from messenger RNA |
front 375 transverse section | back 375 cut made along a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions; cross section |
front 376 triple-point | back 376 temperature and pressure at which a substance will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas |
front 377 unsaturated hydrocarbons | back 377 a chemical molecule containing at least one double or triple bond |
front 378 urinary system | back 378 helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body; regulates the acid-base balance of the blood; removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body |
front 379 vaccine | back 379 inactivated form of a pathogen that stimulates the body to produce antibodies for future protection |
front 380 vacuole | back 380 basic storage unit of a cell that can hold verious compounds |
front 381 valence electrons | back 381 electrons in the outermost shell of an atom |
front 382 variable | back 382 unknown quantity in an expression or equation |
front 383 veins | back 383 blood vessels that transport unoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart |
front 384 ventral body cavity | back 384 contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; the diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
front 385 verb | back 385 word that shows an action or state of being |
front 386 verbal | back 386 word that is sometimes used as a verb but currently being used as another part of speech |
front 387 vesicles | back 387 small membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm used to transport proteins or other substances in and out of a cell |
front 388 villi | back 388 finger-like projections in the mucosa of the small intestine lining; produce a pleated appearance; each villus is supplied with blood and has lymphatic vessels for absorption |
front 389 whole numbers | back 389 nonzero, positive integer (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.) |
front 390 word structure | back 390 way in which the parts of a word are arranged together |
front 391 work | back 391 result of any change in energy |
front 392 zygote | back 392 a one-celled organism resulting from the fertilization of an egg |
front 393 density (g/ml)= | back 393 mas / volume (grams / milliliters) |
front 394 volume (ml)= | back 394 length x width x height |