front 1 Week 8: Respiration | back 1 no data |
front 2 Organisms that can obtain their energy from inorganic sources are called? (For example plants that do photosynthesis and prokaryotes) | back 2 autotrophs |
front 3 Organisms such as animals and decomposers that typically consume macromolecules of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and some nucleic acids are called? | back 3 heterotrophs |
front 4 What is glycolysis? | back 4 - anaerobic - The breakdown of glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules - includes 10 catabolic reactions, catalyzed by 10 different enzymes |
front 5 Where does glycolysis take place? | back 5 cytoplasm |
front 6 What are the products and reactants of glycolysis? | back 6 reactants: glucose products: 2 pyruvate molecules, net of 2 ATP, and energy in the form of 2NADH + 2H+ |
front 7 There are 10 reactions in glycolysis. They can be divided into 2 phases. What are the names of the two phases and what happens during each one? | back 7 1) energy investment phase: first 5 steps of glycolysis in which 2 ATP are invested to increase energy levels of glucose and get it to break down 2) energy yielding phase: The last 5 steps of glycolysis in which energy is released in the form of high energy electrons and ATP from substrate level phosphorylation |
front 8 What is the Kreb's cycle? | back 8 - Also known as Citric Acid Cycle - aerobic - acetyl CoA is added to a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form a 6-carbon molecule (citrate) |
front 9 Where does the Kreb's cycle take place? | back 9 Mitochondrial matrix |
front 10 What are the products and reactants of the Kreb's cycle? | back 10 Products: NADH + H+, GTP, CO2, and FADH2 Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NAD, FAD, ADP, and HPO4^-2 and Oxaloacetate |
front 11 What is the Electron Transport Chain? | back 11 Series of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accept NADH and FADH2 and transfer them along a series of electron carriers |
front 12 Where does the ETC take place? | back 12 Inner Mitochondrial Membrane |
front 13 What are the products and reactants of the ETC? | back 13 products: 32 ATP, water reactants: NADH and FADH, and oxygen |
front 14 What is fermentation? | back 14 The partial degradation of sugars that takes place in the absence of oxygen. It produces less ATP than aerobic respiration. |
front 15 Where does fermentation take place? | back 15 cytoplasm |
front 16 Where does lactic acid fermentation take place? | back 16 Muscle cells |
front 17 Where does alcoholic fermentation take place? | back 17 in Yeast |
front 18 What are some end products of glucose fermentation? Some reactants? | back 18 - Products: lactic acid, ethanol, CO2, H20 - Reactants: glucose |
front 19 What is the full formula for respiration? | back 19 C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
front 20 The mitochondria is divided into two compartments: inner membrane and outer membrane. What divides the two? | back 20 The inter membrane space |
front 21 What makes the outer membrane different from the inner membrane? | back 21 - The outer membrane is a lot more permeable due to its porins - The outer membrane is also where the integral proteins that function as enzymes in the breakdown and synthesis of lipids |
front 22 What happens in the inter membrane space? | back 22 - it is the location to which H+ (protons) are transported using the energy lost by electrons as they are transferred to subsequently lower and lower energy levels along the electron transport chain. - has a net positive charge compared to the matrix |
front 23 The inter membrane space has a (higher or lower) ph than the matrix? | back 23 - it has a lower pH than the matrix therefor more acidic - it has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than the matrix |
front 24 The inner membrane, like the outer, also has integral proteins. What are the integral proteins of the inner membrane space responsible for? | back 24 1) transport of substances across the inner mitochondrial membrane 2) Electron transport 3) ATP synthesis |
front 25 What is the requirement for the mitochondria to function? | back 25 - needs to be in the presence of oxygen in order to function |
front 26 Where is the mitochondria located? | back 26 inside eukaryotic cell |
front 27 What is the definition of an inhibitor? | back 27 - Any substance that reduces the activity of the enzymes of glycolysis, the enzymes of the Kreb's cycle, or the proteins of the electron transport chain can function as an inhibitor. - molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity |
front 28 What is the definition of an enzyme? | back 28 a biocatalyst used to speed up reactions |
front 29 What were the substrates that yeast was able to use? | back 29 - sucrose - glucose - glucose Mg -Glucose Citrate F |
front 30 How was yeast prepared? | back 30 - It was growing at 37 degrees Celsius at least an hour before the lab. The flask was swirled before pipetting. - 5 ml were added to each beaker |
front 31 What was the optimum temperature? | back 31 37 degrees celsius |
front 32 What are some of the equipment used in the Week 8 lab? | back 32 - respiration tube, parafilm, hot bath |
front 33 Week 8 Quiz The priming reactions of glycolysis are: | back 33 endergonic; but coupled to exergonic reactions |
front 34 Week 8 Quiz How many redox reactions are in one turn of the Kreb's cycle? | back 34 4 |
front 35 Week 8 Quiz What are the electron carriers that function in the Kreb's cycle? | back 35 NAD+ FAD |
front 36 Week 8 Quiz What happens to the high energy electrons that are released during glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle? | back 36 the electrons are transported to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria |
front 37 Week 8 Quiz In the first reaction of glycolysis, ATP is converted to ADP, and the energy released by this reaction fuels the first steps of glycolysis. Where does the phosphate group from ATP go? | back 37 It is transferred to glucose |
front 38 Week 8 Quiz What forms of energy are released during the energy yielding phase of glycolysis? | back 38 - ATP from substrate level phosphorylation - high energy electrons |
front 39 Week 8 Quiz The outer mitochondrial compartment is called the? | back 39 Intermembrane space |
front 40 Week 8 Quiz The inner mitochondrial compartment is called the? | back 40 Matrix |
front 41 Week 8 Quiz Regulation of which of the following enzymes determines whether or not glycolysis proceeds to completion? | back 41 Phosphofructokinase |
front 42 Week 8 Quiz Glycolysis is activated when? | back 42 cellular energy levels are low |
front 43 Week 8 Quiz Which substances are inhibitors of cellular respiration? | back 43 Cyanide Fluoride Azide Oligomycin |
front 44 Week 8 Quiz What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC? | back 44 oxygen |
front 45 Week 9: Photosynthesis | back 45 no data |
front 46 Define photoautotroph | back 46 use energy from sunlight and inorganic materials to obtain nutrients/energy |
front 47 Define photosynthesis. What organelles are involved? | back 47 - the process of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy - chloroplasts |
front 48 What is the full formula for photosynthesis? | back 48 6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
front 49 What are the colors associated with the wavelengths of light? | back 49 violet= 400 nm blue= 475 green= 510 yellow= 570 orange= 590 red = 650 |
front 50 Which plant pigment absorbs light at 400 nm? | back 50 chlorophyll a |
front 51 Which plant pigment absorbs light at 460 nm, 500 nm? | back 51 beta carotene |
front 52 Which plant pigment absorbs light at 520 nm | back 52 phycoerythrin |
front 53 Which two plant pigments absorb light at 540 nm | back 53 phycoerythrin phycocyanin |
front 54 which plant pigment absorbs light at 600 nm, 620 nm? | back 54 phycocyanin |
front 55 Which plant pigment absorbs light at 640? | back 55 Chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B |
front 56 Which plant pigment absorbs light at 660 nm, 680 nm? | back 56 chlorophyll a |
front 57 Describe photosystem I? | back 57 - outer surface of the grana thylakoid membrane - P700 - pigments absorb longer wavelengths of light (above 680 nm) - participates in both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation - not associated with photolysis of water - main function is ATP synthesis |
front 58 Describe photosystem II? | back 58 - inner surface of thylakoid membrane - P680 - pigments absorb shorter wavelengths of light below 680 nm - participates only in noncyclic photophosphorylation - main function are ATP synthesis and photolysis of water |
front 59 What is a hypertonic solution? Which one was the hypertonic solution of the week? | back 59 - 3% NaCl - cell decreased in size |
front 60 What is an isotonic solution? Which one was used for this week? | back 60 - the 0.85% saline was isotonic to the elodea leaf - no change in the cells |
front 61 What is a hypotonic solution? which one was used for this week? | back 61 - distilled water - the cells looked enlarged |
front 62 What slides did we look at in class? | back 62 We looked at the ligustrum leaf Then we looked at Elodea leaf in 3 conditions (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) |
front 63 Which plants were used? | back 63 - ligustrum, spinach, elodea |
front 64 What was the plant extract? | back 64 spinach |
front 65 What equipment was used? | back 65 - spectrophotometer - microscope - slides |
front 66 Quiz 9 Plants are generally classified as: | back 66 photoautotrophs |
front 67 Quiz 9 the photosystems and their associated electron transport chains are located: | back 67 On the thylakoid membrane |
front 68 Quiz 9 The innermost membrane of the chloroplast is known as the: | back 68 thylakoid |
front 69 Quiz 9 What is the final electron acceptor of Photosystem I? | back 69 NADP+ |
front 70 Quiz 9 Carotenoids, like beta-carotene, are most efficient at absorbing light energy from which wavelength? | back 70 450 nm |
front 71 Quiz 9 Which organisms besides plants can be photoautotrophic? | back 71 photosynthetic bacteria red algae euglena |
front 72 Quiz 9 to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis, there are multiple pigment molecules in the reaction centers. Why is it important to have more than one pigment? | back 72 to enable the reaction center to absorb sunlight from multiple wavelengths |
front 73 Quiz 9 What is photolysis? | back 73 use of energy from sunlight to break water into 2 electrons, 2 protons, and oxygen |
front 74 Week 10: Mitosis and Meiosis | back 74 no data |
front 75 Which process do prokaryotes use to replicate? | back 75
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front 76 Which process does a eukaryote use to replicate? | back 76 Mitosis |
front 77 The cell cycle in eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, consists of four stages. What are the four stages? | back 77 1. Gap 1 Phase (G1) 2. Synthesis Phase (S) 3. Gap 2 Phase (G2) 4. Mitosis - G1, S, and G2 are known as interphase - M phase or mitosis can be divided into further stages |
front 78 What happens during G1 phase? | back 78 - cell performs regular functions such as maintaining homeostasis, acquiring food energy or water, generating cellular energy, synthesizing proteins through transcription and translation, cellular transport both within cell and to other cells |
front 79 What happens during the S Phase? | back 79 - each of the chromosomes undergo DNA replication creating a new identical chromosome or sister chromatid - each sister chromatid is attached to the other identical chromatid at the centromere forming the classic X shape associated with chromosomes |
front 80 What happens during G2 phase? | back 80 - final phase before cell prepares for mitosis - preparation includes replication of organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria - endomembrane system and the phospholipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope break down |
front 81 Define fertilization. | back 81 the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
front 82 Define zygote. | back 82 a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum |
front 83 Define chromosome. | back 83 a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes |
front 84 Define binary fission. | back 84
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front 85 Define translocation. | back 85 A chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of genetic material from one chromosome becomes heritably linked to another chromosome |
front 86 Define genetic recombination. | back 86 The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent |
front 87 Define mitotic spindle. | back 87 A group of spindle fibers that divide chromosomes during mitosis |
front 88 Define microtubules. | back 88 A microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures |
front 89 Define sister chromatids. | back 89 Two identical copies of chromatids formed by the replication of a single chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere |
front 90 Define centromere. | back 90 The point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division |
front 91 Define centrosome. | back 91 An organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division |
front 92 What are the phases of mitosis? | back 92 Prophase, Prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
front 93 What happens during prophase? | back 93
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front 94 What happens during prometaphase? | back 94 Kinetochore microtubules attach to the replicated chromosomes and start to move the chromosomes toward the center (or equator) of the cell. |
front 95 What happens during metaphase? | back 95 - chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate of the cell - Each chromosome will have two kinetochore microtubules attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes - Each kinetochore microtubule will expand toward one of the mitotic spindles. |
front 96 What happens during anaphase? | back 96 - the two sister chromatids of each chromosome must split apart properly and move toward each spindle formation -proteins holding the sister chromatids will dissolve and the kinetochore microtubules will move one sister chromatid to each pole |
front 97 What happens during telophase? | back 97 - a complete set of chromosomes has moved to either end of cell - nuclear envelope will form around each set of chromosomes - endomembrane systems of the cell will reform and organelles will move toward either end of the cell. - polar microtubules also extend causing the cell to lengthen in preparation of cell division |
front 98 What happens during cytokinesis? | back 98 - single cell separates into two identical cells - two nuclei and other cell structures have been replicated and sorted between the two poles |
front 99 What instruments were used during Week 10 lab? | back 99 - microscope, sample on slides |
front 100 What is the result of mitosis? | back 100 - 2 new cells - two genetically identical daughter nuclei |
front 101 What does a haploid cell consist of? | back 101 - 23 chromosomes - result of the process of meiosis, a type of cell division in which diploid cells divide to give rise to haploid germ cells - unes in sexual reproduction, sperm and ova (gametes) |
front 102 What does a diploid cell consist of? | back 102 - 46 chromosomes - reproduce by mitosis, make daughter cells that are exact replicas - examples: skin, blood, muscle, cells (somatic cells) |
front 103 What is a cell plate? | back 103 - only active in plant cells - serves to separate the two new cells and seal off the area that might open as the cell splits |
front 104 What is a cleavage furrow? | back 104 - only active in animal cells - surrounds the cell and slowly tightens as the division process continues |
front 105 Week 10 Quiz Which cells reproduce through mitosis? | back 105 somatic cells |
front 106 Week 10 Quiz Cytokinesis takes place in animal cells through the formation of a | back 106 Cleavage furrow |
front 107 Week 10 Quiz The nuclear envelope fragments in which stage of mitosis | back 107 Prometaphase |
front 108 Week 10 Quiz The nucleolus disappears in which stage of mitosis? | back 108 prophase |
front 109 Week 10 Quiz The centrioles replicate in which stage of the cell cycle? | back 109 G2 |
front 110 Week 10 Quiz The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinetochore regions of centromeres during which stage of the cell cycle? | back 110 prometaphase |
front 111 Week 10 Quiz The chromosomes are aligned on the equator in which stage of the cell cycle? | back 111 metaphase |
front 112 Week 10 Quiz The centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles in which stage of mitosis? | back 112 anaphase |
front 113 What structure is responsible for moving the chromosomes during mitosis? | back 113 kinetochore fibers |
front 114 Until anaphase of mitosis, each chromosome consists of two: | back 114 sister chromatids |
front 115 Following the S phase of the cell cycle, and before anaphase, how would you define a chromosome? | back 115 two sister chromatids attached by a centromere |
front 116 After telophase 1 of meiosis, what is the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell? | back 116 haploid and the chromosomes are composed of two chromatids |
front 117 If a cell fails to pass the M phase checkpoint, it will be arrested in: | back 117 metaphase |
front 118 The m phase checkpoint prevents (?) from splitting unless kinetochore microtubules from both poles are attached to all centromeres | back 118 centrosomes |
front 119 Kinetochore microtubules from both poles attach to the centromeres at what point in cell division | back 119 before metaphase |
front 120 Which of the following events is characteristic of mitosis but not of meiosis? | back 120 diploid cells are formed |
front 121 Week 11: Genetics | back 121 no data |
front 122 Define homozygous | back 122 Has dominant or recessive traits the same |
front 123 Define heterozygous | back 123 Has one dominant and one recessive trait |
front 124 Define Monohybrid | back 124 A genetic cross between parents that differ in the alleles they possess for one particular gene, and parent having two dominant alleles and the other two recessive |
front 125 Define dihybrid | back 125 A cross between two different lines (varieties, strains) that differ in two observed traits |
front 126 Define aneuploidy | back 126 The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. For example a human cell having a total of 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 |
front 127 Define pleiotropy | back 127 the production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects |
front 128 Define epistasis | back 128 the interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one such gene by another |
front 129 Week 11 Quiz Sex-linked recessive disorders are usually due to a gene on | back 129 the x chromosome |
front 130 Week 11 Quiz Why are sex-linked disorders more common in males than in females? | back 130 males only have on x chromosome |
front 131 Weel 11 Quiz In the dominant/recessive mode of inheritance, what is the phenotype of the heterozygous individual? | back 131 the dominant phenotype |
front 132 Week 11 Quiz When using pedigrees to analyze inheritance of dominant/recessive traits, what do the squares represent? | back 132 males |
front 133 Week 11 Quiz Which of the following is an example of a dihybrid cross? | back 133 individuals who express true-breeding phenotypes for two genes located on different chromosomes are crossed |
front 134 Week 11 Quiz Homologous chromosomes separated in: | back 134 Anaphase I of meiosis |
front 135 Week 11 Quiz Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between: | back 135 homologous chromosomes |
front 136 Week 11 Quiz When a particular trait is dominantly inherited, and you have on affected parent, what is the change (probability) you will inherit that trait? | back 136 50% |
front 137 Week 11 Quiz When does cross over take place? | back 137 in Prophase I of meiosis |
front 138 Week 11 Quiz If there are two different versions of genes for a specific trait (for example: flower odor) those two versions are called: | back 138 alleles |
front 139 How do you calculate deviation? | back 139 experimental value - arithmetic mean |
front 140 How do you calculate percent deviation? | back 140 (deviation/ theoretical value) * 100 |
front 141 How do you calculate chi square? | back 141 x^2 = ((observed - expected)^2/expected) |
front 142 Week 12: Mutations | back 142 no data |
front 143 Define and give an example of mutation | back 143 - any change in DNA structure-- most mutations are deleterious |
front 144 Define and give an example of substitution | back 144 A mutation that changes one base for another |
front 145 Define and give an example of deletion | back 145 A mutation in which a part of a chromosome a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication |
front 146 Define and give an example of insertion | back 146 - A piece of DNA that is inserted into a larger DNA vector by a recombinant DNA technique, such as ligation or recombination |
front 147 Define and give an example of frameshift | back 147 an insertion or deletion of a base that changes the entire reading frame for translation |
front 148 Define and give an example of nonsense mutation | back 148 A codon that specifies an amino acid is changed to a stop codon, and translation is prematurely terminated-- significant alteration in protein function |
front 149 Define and give an example of missense mutation | back 149 - due to a single base change, which results in a change in the amino acid coded for - also called neutral mutation |
front 150 Define and give an example of silent mutation | back 150 - A point mutation due to a base substitution of DNA - results in no change in the resulting protein bc some amino acids have more than one codon that specifies their addition - Example: If you have a codon UUC, the DNA that coded for that is AAG. If G is changed to A, the codon becomes UUU. Both UUC and the UUU code for phenylalanine so there is no change in the resulting protein |
front 151 Week 12 Quiz The only type of monosomy that has resulted in live birth in humans is: | back 151 Turner's syndrome |
front 152 Week 12 Quiz Which are results of aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes | back 152 Turner's syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome Jacob's syndrome |
front 153 True or False. A deletion in the short arm of chromosome 15 would be detected in karyotyping | back 153 TRUE |
front 154 What is the karyotype of Edward's syndrome | back 154 trisomy 18 |
front 155 A chromosome that shows one extra chromosome is an example of | back 155 aneuploidy |
front 156 How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? | back 156 23 |
front 157 New combinations of genes can be produced by | back 157 Meiosis crossing over mutation |
front 158 chromosomes are aligned up based on size and banding pattern in which of the following procedures | back 158 karyotyping |
front 159 A segment of chromosome breaks off and attaches to a non homologous chromosome in: | back 159 translocation |
front 160 One source of mutation is during DNA replication. Which of the following would be classified as a mutation that would affect cell function. | back 160 a single base change in the coding sequence of DNA that changes the amino acid added to the protein |