front 1 Breathing, which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs is | back 1 pulmonary ventilation(respiratory system) |
front 2 transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and
tissue | back 2 transport |
front 3 exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood(respiratory system) | back 3 External respiration (respiratory system) |
front 4 O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues | back 4 Internal respiration(circulatory system) |
front 5 Four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2 | back 5 pulmonary ventilation, External respiration, transport, Internal respiration |
front 6 site of gas exchange | back 6 Respiratory zone |
front 7 conduits to gas exchange sites | back 7 Conducting zone |
front 8 diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation ( expand volume of chest cavity) | back 8 Respiratory muscles |
front 9 microscopic structure of respiratory zone | back 9 respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
front 10 account for most of the lungs’ volume and are the main site for gas exchange | back 10 alveoli |
front 11 how many alveoli do we have | back 11 approximately 300 milion |
front 12 the thickness of air-blood barrier in respiratory membrane | back 12 ~ 0.5 micrometer |
front 13 the Single layer of squamous epithelium | back 13 alveolar wall |
front 14 the simple squamous lining the alveoli is called | back 14 type 1 cells |
front 15 type 2 cell secrete | back 15 surfactant |
front 16 alveoil is Surrounded by and contain | back 16 fine elastic fibers, open pore |
front 17 open pores that Connect adjacent alveoli | back 17 –Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized |
front 18 _____ House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile | back 18 Alveoli |
front 19 lung that is smaller, has two lobes and an oblique fissure | back 19 left lung |
front 20 right lung has | back 20 is larger has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures |
front 21 blood supply | back 21 there are two circulations: |
front 22 thin double layered serosa, produce pleural fluid | back 22 pleurae |
front 23 Parietal pleura cover | back 23 thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm |
front 24 pleura on external lung surface | back 24 visceral |
front 25 function of the pleural fluid | back 25 fills the slitlike pleural cavity and Provides lubrication and surface tension |
front 26 Pulmonary ventilation consists of how many phase | back 26 2, inspiration and expiration |
front 27 gases flow into the lungs | back 27 inspiration |
front 28 expiration | back 28 gases exit the lungs and has positve pressure |
front 29 Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body | back 29 Atmospheric pressure (Patm) |
front 30 Atmospheric pressure (Patm) is _____ at sea level | back 30 760 mm Hg or 1 atm |
front 31 is the pressure within the aveoli, its always very close to the
(Patm) | back 31 Intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure (Ppul) |
front 32 Negative respiratory pressure is less than or greater than Patm or equal to Patm | back 32 less than |
front 33 positive respiratory pressure is less than or greater than Patm or equal to | back 33 greater than Patm |
front 34 zero respiratory pressure is less than or greater than Patm or equal to Patm | back 34 equal to Patm |
front 35 is the pressure within the pleural cavity between lungs and thoraciv wall. This pressure is always slightly less than the (Ppul) and atmospheric pressure and always a negative pressure | back 35 Intrapleural pressure (Pip) |
front 36 Negative Pip is caused by | back 36 opposing forces |
front 37 ___force promote lung collapse and ____ force tends to enlarge the lungs | back 37 inwards force, outward force |
front 38 Two inward forces promote lung collapse in intrapleural pressure | back 38
|
front 39 Elasticity of the chest wall pulls the | back 39 thorax outward |
front 40 if intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure Pip = Ppul, what happens to the lungs? | back 40 lose the negative pressure and the lungs collapse |
front 41 transpulmonary pressure calculation | back 41 760 mm Hg - 756 mm Hg = 4 mm Hg |
front 42 Intrapleural pressure | back 42 756 mm Hg |
front 43 Intrapulmonary pressure | back 43 760 mm Hg |
front 44 transpulmonary pressure | back 44 intrapulmonary pressure minus intrapleural pressure. |
front 45 function of transpulmonary pressure | back 45 keeps the airways open (keeps the lungs from collapsing) |
front 46 The greater the transpulmonary pressure, the larger or smaller the lungs | back 46 larger |
front 47 Atelectasis | back 47 collapse of lung tissue |
front 48 Atelectasis (lung collapse) is due to | back 48 –Plugged bronchioles ---- collapse of alveoli –Wound that admits air into pleural cavity (pneumothorax) |
front 49 Mechanical processes that depend on volume changes in the thoracic cavity | back 49 Pulmonary Ventilation |
front 50 Pulmonary Ventilation | back 50 Volume changes lead to pressure changes and in turn flow of gas to quickly equalize pressure |
front 51 Pulmonary ventilation | back 51 pressure changes |
front 52 inspiration is an active or passive process | back 52 active |
front 53 what happens to the inspiratory muscles during inspiration | back 53 contract |
front 54 does the thoracic volume increase or decrease during inspiration? | back 54 increase |
front 55 what happens to the lungs and intrapulmonary volume during inspiration? | back 55 lungs stretch |
front 56 what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration and expiration? | back 56 inspiration-it drops to -1 mm Hg expiration- Ppul rises (to +1 mm Hg) |
front 57 what happens to air during inspiration and expiration? | back 57 during inspiration air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradient, until Ppul = Patm while in expiration Air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul = 0 |
front 58 is forced expiration passive or active | back 58 active |
front 59 what happens to the inspiratory muscles during expiration | back 59 they relax |
front 60 what happens to the thoracic volume during expiration | back 60 decrease |
front 61 what happens to the lungs and intrapulmonary volume during expiration | back 61 lungs recoil |
front 62 what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure as lung volume increases during inspiration? | back 62 pressure inside the lung decreases |
front 63 during each breath, the pressure gradient moves how many liters/ml of air into and out of the lungs? | back 63 500 ml or 0.5 liters |
front 64 Inspiratory muscles consume energy to overcome 3 physical factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation | back 64
|
front 65 As airway resistance rises, breathing movements become more | back 65 strenuous |
front 66 What effect does severely constricting or obstruction of bronchioles have? | back 66 –Can prevent life-sustaining ventilation –Can occur during acute asthma attacks and stop ventilation |
front 67 can dilates bronchioles and reduces air resistance | back 67 Epinephrine |
front 68 alveolar surface tension | back 68 –Attracts liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface –Resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid |
front 69 Detergent-like lipid and protein complex and can Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse | back 69 Surfactant |
front 70 what is lung compliance | back 70 A measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure |
front 71 lung compliance is diminished by 3 things: | back 71 1.non-elastic scar tissue (fibrosis) |
front 72 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | back 72 total pressure= PP of a gas A+PP of gas B |
front 73 Basic Properties of Gases | back 73 air is a mixture of gases carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen |
front 74 Henry's Law | back 74 when a mixture of gas is in a liquid (plasma) each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to is partial pressure |
front 75 The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its | back 75 solubilty |
front 76 CO2 is ___times more soluble in water than O2 | back 76 20 X |
front 77 External Respiration | back 77 Exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane |
front 78 Factors influencing external respiration | back 78 –Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities –Ventilation-perfusion coupling –Structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane |
front 79 does CO2 diffuses in equal amounts or greater amount or lesser amount with oxygen | back 79 equal amount |
front 80 ________amount of gas reaching the alveoli | back 80 ventilation |
front 81 respiratory membrane | back 81 –0.5 to 1 mm thick –Large total surface area (40 times that of one’s skin) |
front 82 the respiratory membaene become what if lungs become waterlogged and edematous, and gas exchange becomes inadequate | back 82 thicken |
front 83 Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by | back 83 change in shape of Hb |
front 84 As O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2______ while As O2 is released, Hb affinity for O2 ______ | back 84 increase, decease |
front 85 oxygen is fully saturated when | back 85 all four heme groups carry O2 |
front 86 oxygen is Partially saturated when | back 86 one to three hemes carry O2 |
front 87 Rate of loading and unloading of O2 is regulated by | back 87 –Po2, Temperature, Blood pH, Pco2 |
front 88 percentage of bound O2 is unloaded during one systemic circulation | back 88 20-25% |
front 89 Increases in temperature, H+, Pco2, and BPG | back 89 –Modify the structure of hemoglobin and decrease its affinity for O2 |
front 90 As cells metabolize glucose, Pco2 and H+ | back 90 increase in concentration in capillary blood |
front 91
| back 91 three –7 to 10% dissolved in plasma –20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) –70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) in plasma |
front 92 HCO3– | back 92 bicarbonate ions |
front 93 Control of Respiration involve | back 93 neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla and pons |
front 94 Medullary Respiratory Centers | back 94 Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
front 95 Sets eupnea is | back 95 12–15 breaths/minute |
front 96 Depth and Rate of Breathing are modified | back 96 in response to changing body demands |
front 97 ____ are the most powerful respiratory stimulant | back 97 Rising CO2 levels |
front 98 _______ is increased depth and rate of breathing that makes the body remove too much CO2 | back 98 Hyperventilation |
front 99 what is an apnea | back 99 period of breathing cessation that occurs when Pco2 is abnormally low |
front 100 what is Hyperpnea | back 100 Increase in ventilation (10 to 20 fold) in response to metabolic needs |
front 101 COPD | back 101 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
front 102 irreversible decrease in the abilty of COPD | back 102 force air out of the lungs |
front 103 COPD is exemplified by | back 103 chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
front 104 common features of COPD | back 104
|
front 105 homeostatic imbalance that is Characterized by coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness. it is also an Active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms | back 105 Asthma |
front 106 Lung cancer | back 106 –Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America –90% of all cases are the result of smoking |
front 107 the three most common type of lung cancer | back 107 Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, and Small cell carcinoma |