front 1 Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? A) bacteria in the human colon B) tapeworm in the human intestine C) tuberculosis in the human lung D) protozoa in termites E) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus | back 1 E) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus |
front 2 Mutualism is a relationship A) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other. B) where only one member derives benefit from the other. C) where one member of the relationship may kill the other. D) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. E) where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other. | back 2 A) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other |
front 3 A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as A) commensalism. B) mutualism. C) parasitism. D) both commensalism and parasitism. E) a nonsymbiotic relationship. | back 3 B) mutualism. |
front 4 The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as A) a parasite. B) resident microbiota. C) a mutualist symbiotic partner. D) transient microbiota. E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen. | back 4 E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen. |
front 5 Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? A) mucous membrane portal B) parenteral route C) skin portal D) contact E) fomite | back 5 B) parenteral route |
front 6 Symptoms are A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. B) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. C) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others. D) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. E) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease. | back 6 A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel |
front 7 Axenic systems of the body include A) the nasal cavity. B) the mouth. C) the urethra. D) the kidneys. E) the conjunctiva of the eye. | back 7 D) the kidneys. |
front 8 In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A) A pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. B) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. C) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. D) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle. | back 8 B) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. |
front 9 Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? A) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease. B) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory. D) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. E) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases. | back 9 E) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases. |
front 10 Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. B) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. C) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. D) Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. E) Microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal. | back 10 C) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. |
front 11 Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? A) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin B) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth E) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon | back 11 C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation |
front 12 Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? A) Candida B) Lactobacillus C) E. coli D) Bacteroides E) both Candida and Lactobacillus | back 12 E) both Candida and Lactobacillus |
front 13 Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? A) neurotoxins B) coagulase C) lipid A D) streptokinase E) collagenase | back 13 A) neurotoxins |
front 14 Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? A) coagulase B) enterotoxin C) hemolysin D) hyaluronidase E) coagulase and hemolysin | back 14 D) hyaluronidase |
front 15 Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? A) the incubation period B) the prodromal period C) the illness period D) the decline period E) the convalescence period | back 15 C) the illness period |
front 16 Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? A) ringworm B) warts C) gonorrhea D) yellow fever E) cutaneous anthrax | back 16 D) yellow fever |
front 17 Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? A) cockroach transmission of Shigella B) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma E) louse transmission of Rickettsia | back 17 A) cockroach transmission of Shigella |
front 18 Which of the following is a sign of disease? A) headache B) dizziness C) fever D) nausea E) cramps | back 18 C) fever |
front 19 A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired A) by being bitten by an infected insect. B) by eating contaminated food. C) by using a contaminated needle. D) in a health care facility. E) by having unprotected sexual intercourse. | back 19 D) in a health care facility. |
front 20 Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as A) iatrogenic infections. B) exogenous infections. C) opportunistic infections. D) endogenous infections. E) subacute infections. | back 20 A) iatrogenic infections. |
front 21 Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world? A) contaminated fomites B) fecal-oral infection C) waterborne transmission D) foodborne transmission E) bodily fluid transmission | back 21 B) fecal-oral infection |
front 22 Acne is an example of a A) contagious disease. B) subacute disease. C) chronic disease. D) noncommunicable disease. E) latent disease. | back 22 D) noncommunicable disease. |
front 23 In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza (";swine flu") in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) __________ disease. A) epidemic B) endemic C) sporadic D) pandemic E) opportunistic | back 23 A) epidemic |
front 24 The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means A) 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000. B) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the U.S. in the year 2000. C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. D) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. E) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000. | back 24 C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. |
front 25 The index case is the first case of a disease A) identified in a given area or population. B) in a given area or population resulting in patient death. C) in a given area or population in which the patient recovers. D) transmitted to another individual in a given area or population. E) to be successfully treated in a given area or population. | back 25 A) identified in a given area or population. |
front 26 In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? A) mosquitoes B) aerosols C) contact D) contaminated water E) flies | back 26 D) contaminated water |
front 27 Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? A) experimental epidemiology B) descriptive epidemiology C) analytical epidemiology D) systemic epidemiology E) retrospective epidemiology | back 27 A) experimental epidemiology |
front 28 Aerosols may be involved in __________ transmission of pathogens. A) droplet B) direct C) vector D) fecal-oral E) waterborne | back 28 A) droplet |
front 29 Fomites are A) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. C) fecal material from infected hosts. D) animal sources for human pathogens. E) silent carriers of infectious diseases. | back 29 B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. |
front 30 Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was DISPROVEN using Koch's postulates? A) HIV and AIDS B) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy C) Hepatitis B and D and liver cancer D) Varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu | back 30 E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu |
front 31 Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis? A) typhus B) rabies C) typhoid fever D) salmonellosis E) anthrax | back 31 C) typhoid fever |
front 32 Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? A) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline B) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline C) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline D) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence E) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline | back 32 D) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence |
front 33 Which of the following is NOT considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen? A) via animals B) via air C) via drinking water D) via food E) via body fluid | back 33 A) via animals |
front 34 Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of A) pseudomembranous colitis. B) botulism. C) tetanus. D) cholera. E) bed sores. | back 34 A) pseudomembranous colitis. |
front 35 Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? A) Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin B) Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M C) Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin D) Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A E) Escherichia coli and cytotoxin | back 35 B) Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M |
front 36 A pathogen is best described as A) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life. B) any microorganism that causes disease. C) an organism that remains in the body for a short time. D) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) a source of microbial contamination. | back 36 B) any microorganism that causes disease. |
front 37 Microbes known as transient microbiota are A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes. E) sources of microbial contamination. | back 37 C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. |
front 38 Opportunistic microorganisms are A) a source of microbial contamination. B) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) organisms that remain in the body for a short time and cause disease. | back 38 D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. |
front 39 Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) any microorganisms that cause disease. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) microorganisms that never cause disease. | back 39 A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. |
front 40 The condition known as mutualism is A) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) an environment that is free of microbes. E) a relationship in which two organisms coexist only for a short time. | back 40 C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. |
front 41 Commensalism is best described as A) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. B) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) a relationship in which a microorganism causes disease. E) a source of contamination. | back 41 B) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. |
front 42 The condition called parasitism is characterized as A) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. C) a nonsymbiotic relationship. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. | back 42 E) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. |
front 43 An axenic environment is one A) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. B) that is free of microbes. C) that is a source of contamination. D) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. E) contaminated by microbial toxins. | back 43 B) that is free of microbes |
front 44 The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as A) microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. | back 44 D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. |
front 45 A reservoir is A) a source of microbial contamination. B) an environment that is free of microbes. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing. | back 45 A) a source of microbial contamination. |
front 46 In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other. | back 46 FALSE |
front 47 Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body. | back 47 TRUE |
front 48 A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease. | back 48 TRUE |
front 49 All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness. | back 49 FALSE |
front 50 Fomites cause disease by direct contact. | back 50 FALSE |
front 51 A common cold is an example of a chronic disease. | back 51 FALSE |
front 52 Infection from a mosquito bite is an example of the parenteral route of transmission. | back 52 TRUE |
front 53 An antiphagocytic factor is one that permits pathogens to avoid attack by macrophages. | back 53 TRUE |
front 54 Koch's postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen. | back 54 FALSE |
front 55 An infection always leads to disease. | back 55 FALSE |
front 56 Toxins that affect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract are __________. | back 56 Answer: enterotoxins |
front 57 E. coli in the colon is an example of __________ microbiota. | back 57 Answer: resident |
front 58 Places in the body where there is no normal microbiota are referred to as __________. | back 58 Answer: axenic |
front 59 Neurotoxins interfere with the __________ function of the host. | back 59 Answer: nerve |
front 60 The __________ period is the time between infection and the occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of the disease. | back 60 Answer: incubation |
front 61 Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly present in the human nasal cavity but rarely cause disease of the upper respiratory system. This situation is an example of __________. | back 61 Answer: commensalism |
front 62 Lipid A is an __________ that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation. | back 62 Answer: endotoxin |
front 63 Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are known as __________. | back 63 Answer: zoonoses |
front 64 Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of __________ contact transmission. | back 64 Answer: indirect |
front 65 Biological __________ not only transmit pathogens, but also serve as hosts for the manipulation of the pathogen during some phase of the pathogen's life cycle. | back 65 Answer: vectors |
front 66 The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve __________ reservoirs. | back 66 Answer: nonliving |
front 67 The study of the cause of disease is known as __________. | back 67 Answer: etiology |
front 68 The hepatitis C virus normally establishes a(n) __________ infection and may be asymptomatic for a decade. | back 68 Answer: latent |
front 69 The study of when and where diseases occur is known as __________ epidemiology. | back 69 Answer: descriptive |
front 70 15) In 2% of pregnancies, pathogens cross the __________ and infect the embryo or fetus. | back 70 Answer: placenta |
front 71 The __________ route is not a portal route of entry of a pathogen per se, but rather a way of circumventing the usual portals. | back 71 Answer: parenteral |