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Chapter 11,12 & 13 Radiographic Imaging

front 1 1. 15 percent rule	back 1 The 15 percent rule states that an increase in kVp by 15 percent will cause a doubling in exposure, the same effect as doubling the mA or doubling exposure time.
front 2 2. Direct Square Law	back 2 Exposure maintenance formula
front 3 3. Exposure maintenance formula	back 3 A direct square law; mAs must increase when distance increases, and vice versa, in order to maintain image receptor exposure.
front 4 4. milliamperage- second mAS	back 4 The unit used to describe the product of tube current and exposure time.

front 5 5. Penetrability	back 5 The ability of the x-ray to pass through structures and tissues.
front 6 6. Prime factor	back 6 Factors related to x-ray emission that are under the direct control of the radiographer; milliamperage, kilovoltage, and distance.
front 7 7. Reciprocity Law	back 7 The dentistry on an x-ray film should remain unchanged as long as the intensity and duration of the x-ray exposure remains unchanged.
front 8 8. x-ray quality	back 8 The penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. Kilovoltage and filtration are the main factors.

front 9 9. x-ray quantity	back 9 The measure of the number of photons in the useful beam. Measured in R (roentgen). Milliamperage-second, kilovoltage, Distance and filtration are the main factors.
front 10 10. The principle controlling factors for quantity is	back 10 mAs
front 11 11. The principle controlling factor for quality is	back 11 kVp
front 12 12. mAs is	back 12 A measure of the tube current and is equal to the number of electrons crossing from cathode to anode. Exposure time is also directly proportional to the number of electrons crossing the tube.

front 13 13. mAs is calculated by	back 13 mA X time
front 14 14. What does mAs stand for	back 14 milliamperage per second
front 15 15. what is the formula for mAs	back 15 mA X time
front 16 16. What is mAs the measure of	back 16 tube current

front 17 17. What happens as mAs is increased	back 17 density increases
front 18 18. as mAs doubles the exposure does what	back 18 doubles
front 19 19. what happens to the filament of the circuit as mA is increased	back 19 thermionic emission
front 20 20. Density is the	back 20 the amount of blackening on the image that is determined by exposure. mAs is the primary controller.

front 21 21. What is D-max	back 21 The maximum density a film can achieve (Film only)
front 22 22. Reciprocity law	back 22 the density on an x-ray film should remain unchanged as long as the intensity and duration of the exposure remains unchanged.
front 23 23.When does the reciprocity law fail	back 23 The law fails at very short times (below 10 milliseconds) and very long times (6-7 seconds)
front 24 24. Low kVp gives an image what type of contrast	back 24 high contrast

front 25 25. An increase in kVp by 15% will do what to the exposure	back 25 double the exposure
front 26 26. A decrease in kVp by 15% will do what to the exposure	back 26 cut the exposure by 1/2
front 27 27. x-ray intensity does what as distance from the tube decreases	back 27 increases
front 28 28. x-ray intensity will do what as the distance from the tube increases	back 28 decrease

front 29 29. Inverse square law	back 29 the intensity of the radiation at a given distance from the point of the source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
front 30 30. A radiographer makes an exposure using the standard 40 inch SID . An ionization chamber measures the radiation at 40 inch SID to be 5 R. The same exposure is made at 45 inch SID what is the new intensity.	back 30 5R/I ²= 45²/40² I₂=3.9 the new intensity is 3.9R
front 31 31. Density maintenance formula	back 31 mAs₁/mAs₂= D₁ ²/D₂ ²
front 32 32. The density maintenance formula demonstrates what?	back 32 a relationship where mAs needed for an exposure is directly proportional to the square of the SID and as SID increases the mAs must also increase to maintain adequate blackening on the film.

front 33 33. A radiographer exposes a patient's chest at the bedside using 3 mAs, 75 kVp at 72 SID. A second radiograph is needed but as a result of a change in the patient's condition, only 54 inch SID can be used what should the new mAs be for the 54 inch SID?	back 33 3mAs/x mAs = 72²/ 54² 2916(3)/x = 5184 x= 1.69 mAs
front 34 34. What are three prime factors that affect x-ray emission	back 34 mAs, kVp, Distance
front 35 35. What is the unit of measurement for x-ray quantity?	back 35 roentgen (R)
front 36 36. Define ampere?	back 36 The unit of current

front 37 37.What is the relationship between mAs and density/IR exposure?	back 37 The densities are a direct result of an x-ray exposure to the film and intensifying screens (IR)
front 38 38. What effects does increased kVp have on the speed and energy of the electrons in the x-ray tube?	back 38 Increase kVp will cause an increase in the speed and energy of the electrons applied across the x-ray tube.
front 39 39. What is the relationship between kVp and density/IR exposure	back 39 Increase kVp causes an increase in penetrability, which will result in an image with less contrast. the effect of kVp on density/IR exposure will be detailed.
front 40 40. Annihilation reaction	back 40 Matter being converted back into energy as a result of a position combing with a negative electron, which creates two photons moving in opposite directions

front 41 41. Attenuation	back 41 The reduction in the number of x-ray photons in the beam, and subsequent loss of energy, as the beam passes through matter.
front 42 42. Backscatter radiation	back 42 Photons that deflect back towards the source, traveling in the opposite direction of the incident photon.
front 43 43. Characteristic cascade	back 43 The reaction of electrons dropping into the holes created during a characteristic interaction until there is only a hole in the outer shell.
front 44 44. Characteristic photon	back 44 An x-ray photon created by the electron transfer from one shell to another.

front 45 45. Coherent scatter	back 45 An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by interaction between a very-low-energy x-ray photon and matter causing the electron to vibrate at the same frequency as the incident photon, which then produces a secondary photon but travels in a different direction.
front 46 46. Compton effect also called Compton scattering	back 46 An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by an incident x-ray photon interacting with a loosely bound outer-shell electron, resulting in removal of the electron from the shell, which then proceeds in a different direction as a scattered photon.
front 47 47. Compton (or recoil) electron	back 47 The dislodged electron resulting from compton scattering
front 48 48. Compton scattered photon	back 48 The photon the exits the atom in a different direction as a result of compton scattering.

front 49 49. Negatron	back 49 A negatively charged electron resulting from pair production
front 50 50. Pair production	back 50 An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by the conversation of the energy of an x-ray photon into matter in the form of two electrons.
front 51 51. Photodisintegration	back 51 An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by the interaction between a high-energy photon and the nucleus. The high energy photon strikes the nucleus; the nucleus absorbs all the photon's energy and then emits a nuclear fragment.
front 52 52. photoelectric absorption	back 52 An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by an incident electron with slightly greater energy than the binding energy of the electrons in the inner shells, ejecting an electron from the inner shell while being absorbed in the reaction, resulting in an ionized atom.

front 53 53. photoelectron	back 53 An ionized atom with a missing inner-shell electron resulting from ejection of the electron due to photoelectric absorption.
front 54 54. Positron	back 54 A positively charged electron resulting from pair production.
front 55 55. Radiation fog	back 55 The result of scattered photons striking the radiographic film and placing a density on the film that is unrelated to the patient's anatomy.
front 56 56. Scattering	back 56 The interactions of x-ray photons and matter that cause a change in direction of the photons

front 57 57. Secondary radiation	back 57 A characteristic photon created by occurring outside the x-ray target.
front 58 58. Five Basic interactions between x-rays and matter	back 58 1. photoelectric absorption 2. Coherent Scattering 3. Compton Scattering 4. Pair production 5. Photodisintegration
front 59 59. Rule one that governs the possibility of a photoelectric interaction	back 59 The incident x-ray photon energy must be greater than the binding energy of the inner-shell electron.
front 60 60. Rule two that governs the possibility of a photoelectric interaction	back 60 A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur when the x-ray photon energy and the electron binding energy are nearer to one another.

front 61 61. Rule three that governs the possibility of a photoelectric interaction.	back 61 A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur with an electron that is more tightly bound in its orbit.
front 62 62. What happens to the atom after photoelectric absorption	back 62 the atom becomes ionized
front 63 63. What type of interaction is this?	back 63 Compton scatter interaction
front 64 64. What type of interaction in this?	back 64 Coherent scatter interaction

front 65 65. What type of interaction in this?	back 65 Photoelectric interaction
front 66 66. What type of interaction in this?	back 66 Pair Production
front 67 67. What type of interaction in this?	back 67 Photodisintegration interaction
front 68 68. Subject Density	back 68 Will be altered by changes in the amount or type of tissue being irradiated

front 69 69. Subject Contrast	back 69 Degree of differential absorption resulting from the differing absorption characteristics of the tissues in the body
front 70 70. Subject Detail	back 70 Dependent on the position of structures within the body and the body's placement in relationship to the film. One primary factor that affects this is distance.
front 71 71. Subject distortion	back 71 Characterized by the position of the patient. If the patient is not positioned specifically to demonstrate a particular structure this is misrepresentation of size or shape may occur.