front 1 On average, how many separate bones make up the adult vertebral column? | back 1 26 |
front 2 The spinal cord tapers off to a point distally at the vertebral level of: | back 2 L1-L2. |
front 3 Which of the following is the first compensatory spinal curvature to develop in the young child? | back 3 Cervical |
front 4 Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal or exaggerated _____ curvature | back 4 lateral |
front 5 The bony structures connected directly to the vertebral body are the: | back 5 pedicles. |
front 6 The most posterior aspect of a typical vertebra is the: | back 6 spinous process. |
front 7 The joints between articular processes of vertebra are termed _____ joints. | back 7 zygapophyseal |
front 8 Which aspect of the intervertebral disk is composed of semigelatinous material? | back 8 Nucleus pulposus |
front 9 Kyphosis is defined as a(n): | back 9 abnormal thoracic curvature with increased convexity. |
front 10 Which of the following statements is true? | back 10 All thoracic vertebrae have at least one facet for rib articulation. |
front 11 Which of the following statements is true for a typical adult vertebra? | back 11 The transverse processes extend laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae. |
front 12 Which of the following features makes the cervical vertebra unique as compared with other vertebrae of the spine? | back 12 Transverse foramina and double (bifid) tips on spinous processes b. Overlapping vertebral bodies c. Presence of zygapophyseal joints All of the above |
front 13 Where is the articular pillar located on a cervical vertebra? | back 13 Between the superior and inferior articular processes |
front 14 Which term best defines or describes the vertebral body of C1? | back 14 There is no vertebral body at C1. |
front 15 Which of the following thoracic vertebra(e) possess no facets for costotransverse joints? | back 15 T11-12 |
front 16 The zygapophyseal joints for the typical cervical vertebra lie at an angle of ____ in relation to the midsagittal plane. | back 16 90 |
front 17 The most prominent aspect of the thyroid cartilage corresponds to the vertebral level of: | back 17 C5. |
front 18 The zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of ____ in relation to the midsagittal plane. | back 18 70 to 75 |
front 19 T2-3 intervertebral disk space is found at the level of the: | back 19 jugular notch. |
front 20 The gonion corresponds to the vertebral level of: | back 20 C3. |
front 21 The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of: | back 21 T 9-10. |
front 22 Along with increasing the source image receptor distance (SID), what other factor(s) will improve spatial resolution for lateral and oblique projections of the cervical spine? | back 22 Using a small focal spot |
front 23 Which of the following pathologic conditions is defined as “a condition of the spine characterized by rigidity of a vertebral joint”? | back 23 Spondylosis |
front 24 Which of the following clinical conditions will require a decrease in manual technical factors? | back 24 Advanced osteoporosis |
front 25 Which factor is most important to open up the intervertebral joint spaces for a lateral thoracic spine projection? | back 25 Keep vertebral column parallel to tabletop. |
front 26 Which position or projection of the cervical spine will best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint spaces between C1 and C2? | back 26 AP open mouth |
front 27 Along with the upper incisors, what other bony landmark must be aligned for the AP open-mouth projection? | back 27 Base of skull |
front 28 How much CR angulation is required for the AP axial projection for the cervical spine? | back 28 15 to 20 cephalad |
front 29 Why are the anterior oblique projections (right anterior oblique [RAO]/left anterior oblique [LAO]) preferred over the posterior oblique projections of the cervical spine? | back 29 To reduce the thyroid dose |
front 30 Which of the following positions will demonstrate the left intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine? | back 30 LAO |
front 31 Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine? | back 31 Lateral |
front 32 Which of the following is NOT a correct evaluation criterion for the AP axial C spine projection? | back 32 C3 to T2 vertebral bodies should be visualized. b. Spinous processes are seen to be equal distances from the vertebra body lateral borders.c. Center of the collimation field is at C4. d.All of the above are correct criteria. |
front 33 Which of the following factors does not apply to a lateral projection of the cervical spine? | back 33 Suspend respiration upon full inspiration |
front 34 The chin is extended for a lateral projection of the cervical spine to: | back 34 prevent superimposition of the mandible upon the spine. |
front 35 The PA projection (Judd method) is intended to demonstrate the atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2. | back 35 b. False |
front 36 The posterior cervical oblique projections demonstrate the intervertebral foramina and pedicles on the side closest to the image receptor | back 36 False |
front 37 The AP axial-vertebral arch projection may be performed to better demonstrate the: | back 37 articular pillars of C4-7. |
front 38 What type of CR angle is recommended when performing the AP axial C spine projection erect? | back 38 20 cephalad |
front 39 What type of CR angle is required for posterior oblique (left posterior oblique [LPO]/right posterior oblique [RPO]) positions of the cervical spine? | back 39 15 cephalad |
front 40 Which of the following factors will enhance the visibility of the vertebral bodies during a lateral projection of the thoracic spine? | back 40 Use a breathing technique. |
front 41 Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine? | back 41 RPO |
front 42 How much rotation of the body is required for an LAO projection of the thoracic spine (from the plane of the table)? | back 42 70 |
front 43 Which of the following projections will project the dens within the shadow of the foramen magnum? | back 43 AP projection (Fuchs method) |
front 44 A radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection of the cervical spine reveals that the zygapophyseal joints are not symmetric. No fracture or subluxation is present. Which one of the following positioning errors most likely led to this radiographic outcome? | back 44 Rotation of the spine |
front 45 A radiograph of an AP axial projection of the cervical spine reveals that the intervertebral joints are not open. The following analog factors were used for this projection: 5 cephalad angle, 40-inch (100 cm) SID, grid, slight extension of the skull, and the CR centered to the thyroid cartilage. Which of the following modifications should be made during the repeat exposure? | back 45 Increase the CR angulation. |
front 46 A radiograph of an AP thoracic spine projection reveals that the upper thoracic spine is overexposed. The lower vertebrae have acceptable density and contrast. Which one of the following modifications will improve the visibility of the upper thoracic spine? | back 46 Use a compensating (wedge) filter. |
front 47 A radiograph of a lateral thoracic spine reveals that there is excessive density along the posterior aspect of the spine. Even with good collimation, the scatter radiation reaching the image receptor obscures the spinous processes. What can the technologist do to improve the visibility of the posterior elements of the spine? | back 47 Place a lead mat on the tabletop just posterior to the patient. |
front 48 A radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the dens. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome? | back 48 Excessive extension of the skull |
front 49 A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cervical spine reveals that the ramus of the mandible is superimposed over the spine. What could the technologist have done to prevent this? | back 49 Increase the extension of the skull. |
front 50 A radiograph of an RAO of the cervical spine reveals that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. The upper vertebral foramina are well visualized. Which positioning error most likely lead to this radiographic outcome? | back 50 Insufficient rotation of the upper body |
front 51 A patient comes to the radiology department for a cervical spine routine. The study is ordered for nontraumatic reasons.The AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull and upper incisors are superimposed, but they are obscuring the upper portion of the dens. On the repeat exposure, what should the technologist do to demonstrate the entire dens? | back 51 Perform the Fuchs or Judd method. |
front 52 A patient enters the emergency department (ED) because of a motor vehicle accident (MVA). The patient is on a backboardand wearing a cervical collar. The technologist is concerned about the artifacts that the collar will project on the spine during the horizontal beam lateral projection. What should the technologist do in this situation? | back 52 Leave the collar on during the exposure. |
front 53 A lateral projection of the thoracic spine reveals that the upper aspect, which is a primary area of interest on this patient, is obscured by the patient’s shoulders. Which of the following changes will best demonstrate this region of the spine? | back 53 Perform a cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) lateral position. |
front 54 A patient enters the ED with a cervical spine injury as a result of a fall. The initial horizontal beam lateral projection reveals no subluxation or fracture. The ED physician is concerned about a whiplash injury. Which of the following routines would be most helpful in diagnosing this type of injury? | back 54 Patient in hyperflexion and hyperextension lateral positions |
front 55 A patient comes to radiology for a thoracic spine routine. The patient has a history of arthritis of the spine. The radiologist requests that additional projections be taken to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints. What positions and/or projections would be ideal to demonstrate these structures? | back 55 70 oblique projections |
front 56 An RPO position of the cervical spine requires a 45 oblique of the body with a 15 caudad CR angle. | back 56 False |
front 57 Another term for a breathing technique during exposure is the orthostatic technique. | back 57 True |
front 58 The anterior oblique thoracic spine demonstrates the upside zygapophyseal joints. | back 58 False |
front 59 For an average-size adult, which of the following would receive the highest skin dose? | back 59 Lateral thoracic spine |
front 60 The thyroid dose for a posterior cervical oblique is ____ greater than that of the anterior oblique. | back 60 more than 10 times |
front 61 A digital (CR) image taken of a lateral thoracic spine projection demonstrates poor visibility of the spine. The image was taken on a full 14 17-i) IR. The following factors were used during the exposure: 80 kV, 80 mAs, 40-inch (102 cm) SID, and collimation to the size of the IR. Which one of the following modifications will result in a more diagnostic image? | back 61 Collimate to spine. |
front 62 A patient comes to radiology for a follow-up study of the cervical spine. The patient had spinal fusion between C5-6 performed 6 months earlier. His physician wants to assess the cervical spine for anteroposterior mobility. Which of the following projections would provide this assessment? | back 62 Hyperflexion and hyperextension projections |
front 63 Which of the following projections will best demonstrate a compression fracture of the thoracic spine | back 63 Lateral projection |
front 64 Which imaging modality will best demonstrate herniated nucleus pulposus in the cervical spine | back 64 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
front 65 A patient enters the ED due to an MVA. He is on a backboard and in a cervical collar. The initial lateral cervical spine projection demonstrates C1 to C6. The patient has broad and thick shoulders. Because the hospital is in a rural setting, no CT scanner is available. Which of the following modifications would best demonstrate the lower cervical spine? | back 65 Perform the horizontal beam cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) lateral position. |
front 66 A patient comes to radiology for a follow-up study for a clay shoveler’s fracture. Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the extent of this fracture? | back 66 Lateral cervical spine |
front 67 Dens | back 67 C2 |
front 68 Vertebra prominens | back 68 C7 |
front 69 Axis | back 69 C2 |
front 70 Anterior arch | back 70 C1 |
front 71 Typical cervical vertebra | back 71 C4 |
front 72 Lateral masses | back 72 C1 |