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Exam 2 Study guides

front 1 Microbial Metabolism: Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions	back 1 Metabolism: the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism.
front 2 Catabolism: C6H12O2+ O2->CO2+H2O (exothermic, exergonic) Anabolism: energy+CO2+H2O->C6H12O6+O2 (Endothermic, Endergonic)	back 2 Provides energy and building blocks for anabolism. (makes smaller molecules) Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules.
front 3 Metabolic Pathway	back 3 a Sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell determined by enzymes encoded by genes
front 4 Collision Theory: Activation Energy: Reaction Rate:	back 4 When atons, ions, and molecules collide. disrupts electonic configurations is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction The reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature or pressure.

front 5 Enzyme Components:	back 5 Biological catalysis - specific for a chemical ration, not used up Apoenzyme: protein Cofactor: nonprotein component -coenzyme: organic cofactor Holoenzyme: apoenzyme plus cofactor
front 6 Important Coenzymes	back 6 NAD+ NADP FAD Coenzyme A
front 7 Enzyme Classification	back 7 Oxidoreductase: oxidation-reduction reactions Transferase: transfer functional groups Hydrolase: Hydrolysis Lyase: removal of atoms without hydrolysis Isomerase: rearrangement of atoms Ligase: joining of molecules;use ATP
front 8 Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity	back 8 Temperature pH Substrate concentration Inhibitors * Temperature and pH denature proteins

front 9 Enzyme Inhibitors: Feedback Inhibiton	back 9 no data
front 10 Ribozymes	back 10 Cut and Splices RNA
front 11 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	back 11 Oxidation: removal of elections Reduction: gain of electrons Redox reaction: an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction Associated with hydrogen atoms Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations
front 12 The Generation of ATP	back 12 ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP

front 13 Substrate -Level Phosphorylation	back 13 Energy from the transfer of a high-energy PO4-, tp ADP generates ATP
front 14 Oxidative Phosphorylation	back 14 Energy released, generat ATP in the electon transport chain.
front 15 Carbohydrate Catabolism (learned in Bio 156)	back 15 The Breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy - Glycolysis -Krebs cycle - Electron transport chain
front 16 Figure 5.11	back 16 no data

front 17 A summary of Respiration	back 17 Aerobic Respiration- electron acceptor Anaerobic Respiration: NOT O2 - yeilds less energy then aerobic respiration
front 18 Anaerobic Respiration	back 18 Electron Acceptor Products NO3- NO2-,N2+H2O So4- H2S+H2O CO32- CH4+H2o
front 19 Carbohydrate Catabolism	back 19 Pathway Eukaryote Prokaryote Glycolysis Cytoplasm Cystoplasm Intermediate Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Krebs cycle Mitchondrial matrix Cytoplasm ETC Mitochondrial inner membrane Plasma membrane
front 20 The Electron Transport Chain	back 20 electrons are passed down the chain energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis

front 21 Fermentation	back 21 spoilage of food produces alcoholic beverages large scale microbial process occurring with or without air. -releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules -does not require oxygen -Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC - Organic molecules as the final electron acceptor Alcohol fermantation: produces ethanol +CO2 Lactic acid fermantation: produces lactic acid
front 22 Chemotrophs	back 22 Use enegery from chemicals Chemoheterotroph
front 23 Chemotrophs	back 23 Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2
front 24 Phototrophs	back 24 Use light energy Photoautotrophs use energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 Photoheterotrophs use energy

front 25 Figure 5.27 Requirements of ATP production	back 25 no data
front 26 Figure 5.28 A nutrional classification of Orgnaisms	back 26 * ALL ORGANISMS HAVE TO HAVE ENERGY -CHEMICAL -LIGHT
front 27 Metabolic Diversity among Organisms	back 27 no data
front 28 Biological oxidation are also called ___ reactions.	back 28 dehydrogenations

front 29 At the completion of the Krebs cycle, the carbons from glucose are in ___ (name the molecules)	back 29 Carbon dioxide (co2)
front 30 At the completion of aerobic respiration,energy has been formed. The energy from the oxidation of glucose is sotred in ____?	back 30 ATP
front 31 _______ involves an inhibitor that fills the active site of an enzyme and competes with the normal substrate for the active site.	back 31 Competive inhibition
front 32 For every NADH that is oxidized via the electron transport chain,___ ATP are formed.	back 32 3

front 33 All of the following pairs are correctly matched Except	back 33 Oxidation: reaction where are gained
front 34 Competitive inhibition of enzyme action evolves	back 34 Competition with the substrate for binding at the active site.
front 35 During glycolysis, elctrons from the oxidation of glucose are transferred to	back 35 NAD+
front 36 Streptococcus (In italics) bacteria lack an electron transport chain. How many molecules of ATP can a Streptococcus (In italics) cell net from one molecule of glucose?	back 36 2

front 37 Unlike eukaryotes, in prokaryotes chemiosmosis	back 37 Occurs at the plasma membrane an not the mitochondria.
front 38 The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are examples of _____ reactions.	back 38 anabolic
front 39 Fopre a cell wall, which of the following compounds has the greatest amount of energy per molecule?	back 39 Acetyl CoA pyruvate
front 40 The complete oxidation of glucose typically involves which three stages?	back 40 Glycolysis,Krebs cycle, and the elctron transport chain.

front 41 Which of the following mechanisms does not generate ATP using an electron transport train?	back 41 Substrate-level phosphorylation
front 42 Which of the following are products of the light- dependent reactions, on which the light dependent reactions are dependent.	back 42 ATP and NADPH
front 43 Enzymes work most effectively at their optimal temperature and pH.	back 43 True
front 44 Feedback inhibition generally acts on the last enzyme in an anabolic pathway	back 44 False

front 45 Glycoysis produces ATP through substrate phosphorylation	back 45 True
front 46 The synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from Co2 gas is called carbon fixation.	back 46 True
front 47 Lipids, proteins, and sugars all may serve as substrates of glycolysis.	back 47 False
front 48 Which of the following is true of catabolism?	back 48 Catabolism reactions are exergonic; they break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones.

front 49 Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?	back 49 Each enzyme has a characteristic three- dimensional shape.
front 50 The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are examples of ____ reactions.	back 50 anabolic
front 51 Which of the following statements is accurate concerning glucose metabolism?	back 51 Pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis, is the starting block for both Krebs cycle and fermentation.
front 52 The complete oxidation (catabolism) of glucose typically involves three stages. The greatest amount of ATP is produced in which stage?	back 52 The elctron transport chain

front 53 Which of the following molecules carry electrons during various stages of glucose catabolism?	back 53 NADH & FADH2
front 54 Which of the following four stages of glucose oxidation requires molecular oxygen?	back 54 Oxidative phosphorylation
front 55 Which o fthe following statements accurately describes the difference between aerobic & anaerobic respiration?	back 55 Aerobic respiration use oxygen as the final electron acceptor & anaerobic respiration uses either an inorganic molecule, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, or an organic molecule, such as an acid or alcohol.
front 56 Carbon fixation occurs during______.	back 56 Photosynthesis

front 57 Fermentation differs from anaerobic respiration in all of the following ways EXCEPT that fermentation does NOT ___.	back 57 use an electron transport chain.
front 58 When fermentation test are used to help identify bacteria, which of the following end-products is typically detected bya color or change?	back 58 Acid
front 59 Which of the following are products of light -dependaent ( in italics) photosynthetic reactions & are necessary for the light- independent (in italics) photosynthetic reactions occur?	back 59 ATP& NADH
front 60 During the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, organisms ____.	back 60 Synthesize sugars

front 61 Nitrobacter (italics) bacteria use carbon dioxide for their source and Nitrate ions as an energy source. This organism is a ____.	back 61 Chemoautotroph
front 62 Which group of organisms has members representing each of the following nutrional classification: chemoheterotrophs, chemoautogrophs, photoheterotrophs,&photoautotrophs?	back 62 Bacteria
front 63 Which of the following molecules traps energy released during oxidation reduction reactions?	back 63 ATP
front 64 Some amino acids are synthesized by adding an amine group to pyruvic acid or to one of the Krebs cycle intermediates. This process is known as ____.	back 64 Amination

front 65 You inocculate a bacterial culture into a tube containing glucose & peptides. The pH indicator shows that the pH decreased after 24 hours & then increased at 48 hours. Ehat has caused the increase in pH?	back 65 Deamination
front 66 Which of the following terms refers to pathways that can function both in anabolism & catabolism?	back 66 Amphilbolic pathways
front 67 Like glucose, amono acids are catabolized for energy, but these must be converted to a form where they can enter the Krebs cycle for oxidation. All of the following reactions occur in the catabolism or amino acids EXCEPT____.	back 67 carbon fixation
front 68 Microbial Growth	back 68 Increase in number of cells, not cell size

front 69 The Requirements for Growth	back 69 Physical Requirements - Temperature -pH -Osmotic pressure Chemical Requirements -Carbon - Nitrogen, Sulfure, and Phosphorous - Trace elements -Oxygen -Organic Growth factor
front 70 Physical Requirements	back 70 * Temperature -Minimum -Optimum -Maximum
front 71 Figure 6.1 Typical Growth rates of different types of microorganisms	back 71 no data
front 72 Psychrotrophs	back 72 Grow between 0 degrees Celcius and 20-30 degrees C -cause food spoilage

front 73 pH	back 73 Most bacteria pH 6.5 and 7.5 Molds and yeasts pH 5 and 6 Acidophils grows in acidic environments
front 74 Osmotic Pressure	back 74 Hypertonic environments, increase in salt or surgar, plasmolysis Extreme or obligate halophiles require osmotic pressure ( or they die) Facultative halophiles tolerate
front 75 Chemical Requirements * Carbon	back 75 -structural organic (has to have carbon in it) molecules, energy source -Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources - Autotrophs use CO2
front 76 * Nitrogen	back 76 -In amino acids and proteins -decompose proteins -use NH4+or No3- - few use N2 in nitrogen fixation

front 77 Sulfur Phosphorus	back 77 In amino acids, Thiamine, and biotin -decompose proteins - use SO42- or H2S * DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes * PO43-
front 78 Trace elements	back 78 Inorganic elements * enzymes cofactors
front 79 Organic Growth Factors	back 79 -Organic Compounds obtained from the environment - Vitamins, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines
front 80 Biofilms	back 80 Microbial communiites -Form slime or hydrogels - attracted by chemicals quorum sensing

front 81 Advantages of Biofilms	back 81 share nutrients sheltered
front 82 Biofilms	back 82 indwelling catheters low to cause infection after exposure, patients developed infections
front 83 Agar	back 83 Complex polysaccharide -soildifying agent -plates, slants, and deeps not metabolized by microbes -liquefies at 100 degrees C - Solidifies at -40 degree C
front 84 Culture Media	back 84 Culture medium: growth Sterile: no living microbes Inoculum: introduction of microbes Culture: microbes growing Chemically defined media: exact composition is known Complex media: extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants - nutrient broth - nutrient agar

front 85 Anaerobic Culture Methods * Reducing Media	back 85 Contain chemicals (thioglycolate or oxyrase) that combine O2. Heated to drive off O2.
front 86 Capnophiles	back 86 Require high CO2 conditions CO2 packet Candle jar
front 87 Biosafety levels	back 87 BSL-1: No special precautions BSL-2: lab coat,gloves,eye protection BSL-3: biosafety cabinets to prevent airborne transmission BSL-4: sealed, negative pressure *Exhaust air is filtered twice
front 88 Differential Media	back 88 Distinguish colonies of different microbes

front 89 Selective Media	back 89 Suppress unwanted microbes, encourages desired microbes
front 90 Enrichment Culture	back 90 Encourages growth of desired microbes
front 91 Obtaining Pure Cultures	back 91 Contains only one species or strain COLONY a population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells Colomy = Colony-forming unit Streak plate method: isolate pure cultures
front 92 Preserving Bacterial Culutres	back 92 Deep- Freezing -50C to -95C LYophilization (freeze-drying): vacuum

front 93 Reproduction in Prokaryotes	back 93 Binary fission Budding Conidiospores (actinomycetes) Fragmentation of filaments
front 94 Understanding the Bacterial Growth Curve	back 94 1.Lag Phase: Intense activity preparing for population growth but no increasein population 2. Log phase:logarithmic or exponential increase in population 3. Stationary phase: Period of equilibrium; microbrial deaths balance production or new cells. 4. Death phase: Population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate
front 95 measuring Microbial Growth	back 95 Direct Methods * Plate counts * Filtration * MPN * Direct microscopic count Indirect Methods * Turbidity * Metabolic activity * Dry weight
front 96 Terminology of Microbial Control	back 96 Sepsis: contamination Asepsis: absence of significant contamination * Aseptic surgery- prevent microbial contamination of wounds.

front 97 Cont. Terminology of Microbial Control	back 97 Sterilization: removing all microbial life Commerical sterilization: killing C. botulinum endospores Disinfection: removing pathogens Antisepsis: removing pathogens from living tissue
front 98 Cont. Terminology of Microbial Control	back 98 Degerming: removing micobes from a limited area Sanitization: lowering microbial counts (eating utensils) Biocide/germicide: killing microbes Bacteriostasis: inhibiting not killing microbes
front 99 Effectiveness of treatment	back 99 Depends on: -number of microbes -environment -Time of exposure -Microbial characteristics
front 100 Actions of Microbial Control Agents	back 100 Alteration of membrane permeability Damamge to proteins Damamge to nucleic acids

front 101 Heat	back 101 Thermal death point (TDP): lowest temperature, all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min Thermal death time (TDT): time during all cells in a culture are killed
front 102 Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)	back 102 Minutes to kill 90% of a population
front 103 Moist Heat Sterilization	back 103 denatures proteins Autoclaves steam under pressure
front 104 Pasteuization	back 104 Reduces spoilage Equivalent treatments - 63 C for 30 min - High-temperature short-time: 72 C for 15 min - Ultra-high-temperature: 140 C for <1 sec - Thermoduric organisms survive

front 105 Dry Heat Sterilization	back 105 * Kills by oxidation - Dry heat - flaming - incineration - Hot-air sterilization
front 106 Filtration	back 106 Hepa remmoves microbes Mebrane filtration removes microbes
front 107 Physical Methods of Microbial Control	back 107 Low temperature : Inhibits growth -Refrigeration - Deep-Freezing - Lyophilization High Pressure: denautres proteins Desiccation: prevent metabolism Osmotic pressure: causes plasmolysis
front 108 Radiation	back 108 Ionizing radiation: x-rays, gamma rays, electrom beams Nonionizing radiation: UV, 260nm Microwaves: kill by heat, not especially antimicrobial

front 109 Principle of Effective Disinfection	back 109 Concentration of disinfectant Organic matter pH time
front 110 Use-Dilution Test	back 110 Metal rigs dipped in test bacteria are dried placed in disinfectant for 10 min at 20 C transferred to culture media to determine bacteria survued treatment