front 1 WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION, SOLUTIONS PH | back 1 no data |
front 2 WEEK 1: Null Hypothesis | back 2 The hypothesis being tested. It says there is no difference between the treatment and control groups. |
front 3 Hypothesis | back 3 Tentative explanation for some phenomenon that can be testable. |
front 4 Mean | back 4 arithmetic average |
front 5 Scientific method | back 5 process of research/learning; the process of establishing new facts and understanding mechanisms. |
front 6 Standard Error | back 6 Describe how much variation is associated with the mean. It is the standard deviation divided by the square root of n. |
front 7 Standard Deviation | back 7 Square root of variance. Most commonly used method of experimental variation. |
front 8 Student's T Table | back 8 Provides tabular values that enable you to determine if there is a significant difference due to treatment. The table provides significant values based on sample size. |
front 9 Statistical Analysis | back 9 Performed on experimental data to ascertain how much variation is due to random fluctuation, and how much is due to an actual difference between treatment and control groups. The purpose of your statistical analysis is to give you a basis to either support your null hypothesis or your alternative hypothesis. If your null hypothesis is correct, your treatment group was not different from your control group. Your data will show there is no difference between the two groups. If your alternative hypothesis is correct the variable had an effect on the outcome of the experiment. |
front 10 Buffer | back 10 A solution (usually a weak acid or a weak base) that can serve as a proton acceptor or proton donor, and through those activities, maintains the pH of a solution under a variety of conditions. |
front 11 Varience | back 11 Measure of distribution |
front 12 Acid | back 12 An acid is a proton donor. Any substance with a hydrogen ion concentration of greater than 10^-7 |
front 13 Alternative Hypothesis | back 13 If the null hypothesis is rejected, the alternative is proposed. There is a difference between the treatment and control groups that can be attributed to the variable being tested. |
front 14 Experimental Error | back 14 The deviation of individual data points from the experimental mean or from an established norm. |
front 15 Student's T Table | back 15 A type of statistical analysis used to compare two sample means |
front 16 Solvent | back 16 A substance in which other substances are dissolved. Water is a well-known solvent. Ionic and polar covalently bonded molecules are soluble in water. Water is the solvent inside cells, and in the circulatory system. |
front 17 Molarity | back 17 Molar concentration (molarity) is the moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solvent. |
front 18 Control | back 18 Experimental group that serves as the standard of comparison. If you were testing the effect of a medication that was given in pill form, the control group would receive a placebo. |
front 19 Theory | back 19 Supported by evidence, provides a stronger explanation than a hypothesis. |
front 20 Solution | back 20 Solutes are dissolved in solvents, creating a solution |
front 21 Normal Distribution | back 21 A data plot of measurements of a given parameter among a population typically follows a normal distribution, or bell-shaped curve. The mean would be in the center of the curve, with a symmetrical distribution above and below the mean. |
front 22 Variable | back 22 Substance being tested. The only difference between the control and treatment group is the variable. |
front 23 Law | back 23 Explanation that is virtually irrefutable. (Biogenetic Law that states all cells arise from other cells) |
front 24 Week 1: The lower the pH the the hydrogen ion concentration | back 24 higher |
front 25 Percent concentration | back 25 Percent of solute with respect to solvent |
front 26 Significant difference | back 26 The mean of the treatment group is statistically different from that of the control group. |
front 27 P value | back 27 The probability that there is no difference between control and treatment groups |
front 28 Life and water | back 28 water is essential to support life. Scientists looking for extraterrestrial life are looking for planets/moons that have some evidence of the presence of water on their surfaces. Water covers about 70% of Earth. Life originated in water. |
front 29 Base | back 29 Associated with a low hydrogen ion concentration. pH greater than 7. Hydrogen ion concentration less than 10^-7. A base is considered to be a proton acceptor. |
front 30 Solute | back 30 substance that is dissolved in a solvent |
front 31 pH | back 31 A measure of hydrogen ion concentration. pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. |
front 32 Concentration | back 32 The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute per unit volume of that solution. |
front 33 Placebo | back 33 insert substance which can be used for control group |
front 34 repetition | back 34 repeated observations are necessary to determine if there is a real difference between treatment and control groups. You must have replicates to complete statistical analysis. |
front 35 A pH of 2 has a hydrogen ion concentration | back 35 high |
front 36 How does litmus paper work? | back 36 If it turns blue its a base, if it turns red its an acid |
front 37 What's a buffer and what does it do? | back 37 A solution (usually a weak acid or a weak base) |
front 38 Which substances tested to be acids? Which was the strongest acid? Weakest Acid? | back 38 Tomato Juice, Cola, Lime Juice, Vinegar, Salicylic Acid, Milk, distilled water -Strongest Acid: lime juice, vinegar -Weakest Acid: distilled water and milk |
front 39 Which substances tested to be bases? Which was the strongest base? Weakest base? | back 39 Ammonia, Baking Soda - Strongest Base: Ammonia - Weakest Base: Baking Soda |
front 40 Which substances tested to be neutral? | back 40 NaCl, Urea |
front 41 WEEK 2: MACROMOLECULES | back 41 no data |
front 42 Week 2: What are the four macromolecules? | back 42 Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins |
front 43 What is the function of carbohydrates? | back 43 They serve as a primary energy source for most organisms. They are also important in cell-cell recognition in animals. |
front 44 What is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature? | back 44 Cellulose (major constituent of cell walls) |
front 45 What are some functions of proteins? | back 45 Enzymes, Immune Function, Transport, Support, Movement, Regulation, Storage |
front 46 What is the monomeric subunit of protein? | back 46 Amino Acid |
front 47 How many amino acids are found in proteins? | back 47 20 |
front 48 What is largely responsible for the integrity of cell membranes? | back 48 Phospholipids |
front 49 Function of lipids? | back 49 they act as lipids hormones, and as bile to aid in lipid digestion |
front 50 what is the classification of lipids based on? | back 50 Their solubility; whether they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic |
front 51 What solution tests for reducing sugars? | back 51 Benedict's Test/ Solution |
front 52 What test and solution are used to test for starches? | back 52 - Polysaccharide Test - Iodine Solution |
front 53 What test is used to identify proteins? | back 53 - Biuret Test |
front 54 What solution is used to test for lipids? | back 54 Sudan IV |
front 55 What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for the Benedict's test? (reducing sugar) | back 55 RED |
front 56 What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for the Polysaccharide test? (starches/iodine solution) | back 56 BLACK |
front 57 What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for proteins with a Biuret test? | back 57 PURPLE |
front 58 What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for Lipids with a Sudan IV | back 58 RED |
front 59 What equipment was used during the week 2 lab? | back 59 - mechanical pipet - test tubes - hot bath |
front 60 Which solution tested positive in the Benedict's test that tests for reducing sugars? | back 60 POSITIVE: glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, milk NEGATIVE: sucrose, rice, water |
front 61 Which solutions tested positive in the polysaccharide test that identifies starches? | back 61 POSITIVE: potato extract, corn starch, rice, wheat flower NEGATIVE: sucrose, glucose, water |
front 62 Which solutions tested positive in the Biruet test that identifies protein? | back 62 POSITIVE: milk, casein, albumin, whey NEGATIVE: urea, glucose, water |
front 63 Which solutions test positive for the lipid test (sudan IV)? | back 63 POSITIVE: vegetable oil, whole milk NEGATIVE: alcohol, glucose, water |
front 64 True or False. Albumin can be classified as a protein. | back 64 True |
front 65 What protein makes up the white of a chicken egg? | back 65 Albumin |
front 66 True or False. Corn tested positive for starch/polysaccharides. | back 66 True |
front 67 True or False. Fructose is a Reducing Sugar. | back 67 True |
front 68 True or False. Galactose is a reducing sugar. | back 68 True |
front 69 True or False. Glucose can be classified as a protein. | back 69 False |
front 70 Lactose is a reducing sugar. | back 70 True |
front 71 Milk contains reducing sugars. | back 71 True |
front 72 Potato tested positive for starch/polysaccharide test | back 72 True |
front 73 Rice tested positive for reducing sugars | back 73 False |
front 74 Rice tested positive for starch/polysaccharides | back 74 True |
front 75 Sucrose is a reducing sugar | back 75 False |
front 76 Sucrose tested positive for starch/polysaccharides | back 76 False |
front 77 Urea is a protein | back 77 false |
front 78 Wheat tested positive for starch/polysaccharide | back 78 True |
front 79 Whey can be classified as a protein | back 79 true |
front 80 What is the major protein found in dairy products | back 80 casein |
front 81 What is the most common inorganic molecule found in the human body? | back 81 Water |
front 82 Which bonds form the primary structure of the protein? | back 82 Peptide Bonds |
front 83 When you added NaOH to your substrate during the Biuret test you ? | back 83 Increased pH |
front 84 What feature of phospholipids makes them amphiphatic? | back 84 - one end is hydrophilic and one end is hydrophobic |
front 85 WEEK 3: CELLS, MICROSCOPES, ORGANISMS | back 85 no data |
front 86 Week 3: What are the full names of the species viewed under the microscope | back 86 - Paramecium Caudatum - Amoeba Proteus - Euglena - Bacteria - Onion Cell -Cheek Swab |
front 87 What are the different parts of Paramecium Caudatum? | back 87 - Contractile Vacuole, food vacuole, cilia, micronucleus, macronucleus, oral groove, anal pore, cytoplasm |
front 88 How does Paramecium move? | back 88 Using Cilia |
front 89 How do Paramecium obtain energy? | back 89 - Paramecium are heterotrophs and obtain energy through their oral groove. Bacteria are their prey. |
front 90 What are the different parts of Amoeba Proteus? | back 90 - contractile vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, pseudopods, nucleus and food vacuole |
front 91 How do Amoeba move? | back 91 - Pseudopods (false feet) |
front 92 How do Amoeba obtain energy? | back 92 Food Vacuole? |
front 93 What is the name of the condition that can cause permanent visual impairment and/or blindness and that is common in people who are not hygienic with their contact lenses? | back 93 Acanthameoba Keratitis |
front 94 What causes amoebic meningoencephalitis? | back 94 Naegleri Fowleri |
front 95 What causes amebiasis which leads to diarrhea? | back 95 Entamoeba Histolytica |
front 96 What are the different parts of Euglena? | back 96 cytoplasm, nucleus, photoreceptor, stigma, contractile vacuole, membrane, nucleolus, flagellum, chloroplast |
front 97 How do Euglena move? | back 97 flagella |
front 98 How do Euglena obtain energy? | back 98 All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. |
front 99 What dye did you use during this lab? | back 99 Methylene Blue |
front 100 What are the different parts of the microscope? | back 100 - fine adjustment knob, course adjustment knob, stage, objective lens: scanning lens, low power objective, high power objective, oil emulsion, Ocular lens, tungsten lamp aka light source |
front 101 How do you calculate magnification and total magnification? | back 101 - Total magnification is the ocular lens (10x) multiplied by the objective lens (4, 10, 45, or 100x) - Magnification is just of the objective lens |
front 102 As the degree of magnification increases what happens to the barrel length of the objective lens? To the aperture that allows light in? | back 102 - increases - decreases |
front 103 What should you never use when you switch from low power to the high power lens | back 103 The coarse adjustment knob |
front 104 WEEK 4: TRANSPORT | back 104 WEEK 4: Transport |
front 105 WEEK 4: What Materials did we use in this lab? | back 105 - petri dish - agar plate - cork borer -dialysis tubing (tape thing) |
front 106 What is the effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion? | back 106 They are inversely proportional. The higher the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion. |
front 107 What is the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion? | back 107 The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion. We tested 23, 40, and 55, degrees celsius. 55 degrees diffused the fastest. |
front 108 What 3 anions did we test? What are their molecular weights? | back 108 - ferricyanide: 212 (slowest) - bromide: 80 (yeah) - chloride: 35 (fastest) |
front 109 How do you calculate molecular weight? | back 109 - first go to your periodic table and find the mass of each element (big number with decimals) - Second multiply each element depending on the subscripts or number of that specific element - Third add all the elements together |
front 110 What substances are soluble in the lipid bilayer? | back 110 - Oxygen - Carbon Dioxide - Water |
front 111 What are the 3 passive transport processes? | back 111 - simple diffusion - osmosis - facilitated diffusion |
front 112 What are the 3 active transport processes? | back 112 -transport pumps - exocytosis - endocytosis |
front 113 What is the molecular weight cut off of dialysis tubing? | back 113 10,000 daltons |
front 114 WEEK 5: ENZYMES EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION | back 114 no data |
front 115 What enzyme was used during this lab? | back 115 Peroxidase |
front 116 What is the function of Peroxidase in this lab? | back 116 - catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction - causes the reaction to occur |
front 117 What substrates were used during this lab? | back 117 - Guaiacol - Peroxide (H2O2) |
front 118 What is the function of Guaiacol and Peroxide in this lab? | back 118 They bind to the active site of the enzyme and then are altered by the enzyme |
front 119 How does enzyme concentration affect reaction rate? | back 119 If substrate concentration is not limiting, then adding more enzyme should increase reaction rate. |
front 120 How does substrate concentration affect reaction rate? | back 120 Adding substrate will often increase rate of a chemical reaction as long as there are enzyme molecules available to accommodate the additional substrate. When the enzyme molecules are all taken up, the solution is saturated. After it is saturated, adding more substrate will not increase the rate of reaction. |
front 121 What instruments/materials were used in lab? | back 121 - Spectrophotometer - Micro-pipette - Micro-pipette tip - cuvette |
front 122 What does the micro pipette measure in and how much does it contain? | back 122 microliters; 100 microliters |
front 123 0.1 milliliters is how many microliters | back 123 100 microliters |
front 124 What happened to the color when more enzyme was added? | back 124 It got darker brown each time |
front 125 What happened to the color when more substrate was added? | back 125 It stayed the same and the numbers rose but only to a certain extent |
front 126 How were we able to measure reaction rate and how to do we calculate it? | back 126 - Reaction rate is the slope of the line you are plotting - By quantifying the oxidized guaiacol spectrophotometrically, the product formation, or rate of reaction is calculated. |
front 127 What is saturation? | back 127 Saturation means that all of the enzyme active sites are occupied by substrate |
front 128 What is the difference between guaiacol in its reduced from and in its oxidized form? | back 128 - Reduced: gain electrons, colorless - Oxidized: lost electrons, brown |
front 129 What test is used to detect blood in the stool? | back 129 The Guaiac Test |
front 130 What is the Beer-Lambert Law | back 130 - states that the concentration of a light absorbing solute is directly proportional to its absorbance |
front 131 WEEK 5: In an exergonic reaction: | back 131 The energy level of the reactants is higher than the energy level of the products |
front 132 What is the mechanism by which an enzyme functions to increase reaction rate? | back 132 An enzyme decreases activation energy required to initiate a reaction |
front 133 The location on an enzyme that binds substrate is known as the: | back 133 Active Site |
front 134 A spectrophotometer measures? | back 134 Absorbance |
front 135 What indicator molecule is used to track the reaction rate of peroxidase | back 135 Gualacol |
front 136 The reactant that is recognized by a specific enzyme is its: | back 136 substrate |
front 137 In which animal cells would you expect to find peroxidase-containing peroxisomes? | back 137 Erythrocytes |
front 138 In tracking product formation of peroxidase, the guanacos is: | back 138 Oxidized |
front 139 When you graph absorbance in an attempt to measure your reaction rate, which variable going on the x-axis (horizontal axis)? | back 139 Time |
front 140 Which parameter on your graph is directly proportional to the reaction rate of the enzyme? | back 140 Slope |
front 141 The experimental setup for your lab involved the extraction of an enzyme from turnip, and observing its reaction rate under a variety of conditions. What is the enzyme? | back 141 Peroxidase |
front 142 What does the slope of the line you are plotting give you? | back 142 Reaction rate |
front 143 What is the point of this lab and of next weeks? | back 143 To see how reaction rate changes |
front 144 What are the substrates | back 144 Guaiacol + H202 |
front 145 Would reaction occur without an enzyme? | back 145 NO |
front 146 What color does Guaiacol become when it reacts? | back 146 Brown |
front 147 What equipment did we use in lab? | back 147 - Spectrophotometer - micro pipette - micro pipette tip - cuvette |
front 148 What does the micro pipette measure in? | back 148 - Microliters (100 microliters in 0.1 milliliters) |
front 149 How many nm should the spectrophotometer be at? | back 149 470nm |
front 150 What happened to the enzyme as the concentration got higher? | back 150 It got darker and the reaction rate got higher |
front 151 What happened to the substrate as the concentration got higher? | back 151 The color stayed the same and the numbers rose to a certain extent and then stayed constant |
front 152 Names of enzymes typically end with | back 152 -ase |
front 153 What happens to an enzyme when it denatures? | back 153 Loss of 3D shape of the molecule |
front 154 How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction? | back 154 by decreasing the energy of activation for a chemical reaction |
front 155 Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as: | back 155 Coenzymes |
front 156 Substrates are held in the active site of an enzyme by | back 156 hydrogen and ionic bonds |
front 157 If the substrate concentration is limiting, how does increasing enzyme concentration affect reaction rate? | back 157 Increasing enzyme concentration has no effect on reaction rate. |
front 158 When guaiacol reacts with peroxide and peroxidase, it is ______________ to tetraguaiacol, resulting in the formation of a color compound that can be detected spectrophotometrically. | back 158 Oxidized |
front 159 What does it mean when all of the active sites of the enzyme are occupied | back 159 It is SATURATED |
front 160 What enzyme is important in fat digestion? | back 160 lipase |
front 161 The organic nonprotein portion of an enzyme that is required for proper function is a(n): | back 161 coenzyme |
front 162 The location of an enzyme that binds substrate is its? | back 162 Active Site |
front 163 The inactive form of an enzyme is a: | back 163 Zymogen |
front 164 True or False. Enzymes increase the rate of reaction. | back 164 True |
front 165 WEEK 6: ENZYMES-- EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE/INHIBITORS | back 165 no data |
front 166 In this lab what was the name of the inhibitor? | back 166 Hydroxylamine |
front 167 How did the inhibitor, Hydroxylamine, affect the reaction? | back 167 Hydroxylamine slowed down the reaction because it blocks the iron atom that is present at the active site of peroxidase |
front 168 What is the wavelength at which the spectrophotometer was used to measure absorbance? | back 168 470 nm |
front 169 What is the name of the plant used in lab? | back 169 Turnip |
front 170 What is the difference between a competitor and a non competitor inhibitor? | back 170 - A competitive inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, and competes with the substrate for the active site. - An allosteric inhibitor is noncompetitive because the inhibitor and substrate do NOT compete for the same binding site. |
front 171 WEEK 6: An example of a competitive inhibitor is one that? | back 171 Binds to the active site of the enzyme |
front 172 What is the competitive inhibitor of the enzyme peroxidase? | back 172 Hydroxylamine |
front 173 What conditions can denature an enzyme? | back 173 A drop in pH An increase in pH An increase in temperature above optimum |
front 174 As temperature increases: | back 174 Rate of random molecular motion increases |
front 175 True of False. Biological reactions that take place in cells are inhibited. | back 175 True |
front 176 When an enzyme denatures which bonds are destroyed? | back 176 Hydrogen bonds |
front 177 When an enzyme denatures, which level(s) of protein structure are affected? | back 177 Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure |
front 178 From what organism was the peroxidase used in lab isolated? | back 178 Turnip |
front 179 Identify the structure of hydroxylamine. | back 179 HO OH N H |
front 180 EXTRA QUESTIONS | back 180 no data |
front 181 What is the most common inorganic molecule found in the human body? | back 181 water |
front 182 Triglycerides are classified as blank and are composed of blank | back 182 lipids; fatty acids and glycerol |
front 183 Bioluminescence is the conversion of a chemical compound into light energy and heat. Fireflies and sea creatures use bioluminescence to "light up". The reaction below demonstrates the process of bioluminescence. What is the substrate? | back 183 Luciferin |
front 184 Which molecules move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion? | back 184 - water - oxygen - carbon dioxide |
front 185 Ideally, control and experimental groups differ in how many variables? | back 185 1 |