front 1 Functions of the urinary system include | back 1 A)regulating blood pressure.B)excreting waste products.C)secreting a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells.D)maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and pH.E)all of the above |
front 2 Which of the following is the smallest unit of the urinary system capable of forming urine? | back 2 Feedback: A nephron and collecting duct is the smallest unit capable of forming urine. |
front 3 vBlood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the kidney through what structure? | back 3 hilum |
front 4 Of the layers of tissue that surround the kidney, which layer is a fibrous connective tissue? | back 4 renal capsule |
front 5 The layer of fatty tissue that surrounds the renal capsule | back 5 cushions the kidney from mechanical shock. |
front 6 The layer that holds the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity is called the | back 6 renal fascia. |
front 7 The inner region of the kidney that appears to contain striated triangles (i.e. the renal pyramids) is called the | back 7 Feedback: The inner region of the kidney that appears to contain striated triangles (i.e. the renal pyramids) is called the renal medulla. |
front 8 Nephrons are found running through which two layers of the kidney? | back 8 Feedback: Nephrons run through the cortex and medulla. |
front 9 The apexes of the renal pyramids are called renal | back 9 papillae. |
front 10 In addition to the blood vessels, the nephron consists of two other principal parts, the ______ where the fluid is filtered and a ______ into which the filtered fluid passes. | back 10 glomerulus; renal tubule |
front 11 The _____ drains blood from the glomerular capillaries. | back 11 Feedback: The efferent arteriole drains blood from the glomerulus. |
front 12 Which of the following descend into the medulla? | back 12 loop of Henle |
front 13 Trace the flow of filtrate formation to urine in the renal pelvis. | back 13 glomerulus-glomerular capsule-proximal tubules-loop of Henle-distal tubules-collecting duct-renal pelvis |
front 14 What are the cells called that wrap pedicels around the glomerular capillaries? | back 14 Feedback: Podocytes wrap pedicels around the glomerular capillaries. |
front 15 Which of the following does NOT contain a smooth muscle layer? | back 15 Feedback: Kidneys do not contain a layer of smooth muscle. |
front 16 The kidney lies on the dorsal wall of the ______ cavity. | back 16 abdominal |
front 17 The most superficial covering of the urinary bladder on the posterior and inferior surface is the | back 17 Feedback: The outermost layer or covering of an organ is the adventitia. |
front 18 What is the principal function of the ureter? | back 18 transport urine from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder |
front 19 Urine moves down the ureters by way of | back 19 hydrostatic pressure.B)gravity.C)peristaltic contractions.D)All the above. |
front 20 What structure receives urine flowing down the ureters? | back 20 urinary bladder |
front 21 The small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body is the | back 21 urethra. |
front 22 What is the terminal portion of the urinary system? | back 22 urethra |
front 23 The urinary bladder | back 23 A)contains no smooth muscle.B)varies in size depending on how full it is.C)has a capacity of approximately 10 ml.D)Both B and C. |
front 24 The small triangular area in the floor of the urinary bladder that does not expand much during filling is the | back 24 Feedback: The small triangular area in the floor of the urinary bladder that does not expand much during filling is the trigone. |
front 25 Which of the following is composed of skeletal muscle? | back 25 Feedback: The external urethra sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle. |
front 26 In the male what functions does the urethra serve? | back 26 discharge of semen and urine |
front 27 How much blood enters the renal arteries per minute? | back 27 Feedback: Blood flow through the renal arteries is cardiac output (5600 ml/min) x 21 % = approximately 1200 ml/min. |
front 28 Where does the first step in the production of urine occur? | back 28 glomerulus |
front 29 In the kidneys, the largest volume of water reabsorption occurs in which of the following? | back 29 A large amount of passive water reabsorption follows active Na+ reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules. |
front 30 In the kidneys, the largest volume of glucose reabsorption occurs in which of the following? | back 30 Feedback: The largest volume of glucose reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubules. |
front 31 Which of the following determines the rate of chloride reabsorption in the kidney? | back 31 Feedback: The negatively charged ions are passively reabsorbed down an electrical gradient created by movement of positively charged ions, especially sodium ions. |
front 32 There are three basic renal processes for urine formation. Which of the following is NOT one of these processes? | back 32 urine excretion |
front 33 In glomerular filtration, what is the normal value for net filtration pressure? | back 33 Feedback: Net filtration pressure is the difference between the forces favoring filtration (50 mm Hg) and forces opposing the filtration (40 mm Hg). |
front 34 Which of the following filtered substances is NOT present in normal urine? | back 34 Feedback: Glucose in the urine (glycosuria) is a clinical sign of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. |
front 35 Filtration of blood in the glomeruli is promoted by | back 35 Feedback: Hydrostatic pressure forces plasma out of the glomerular capillaries and into Bowman's capsule to form filtrate. |
front 36 Small proteins, like albumin, that pass into the filtrate from the glomerulus are usually reabsorbed by | back 36 Feedback: Small proteins, like albumin, that pass into the filtrate from the glomerulus are usually reabsorbed by endocytosis. |
front 37 The concentration of solutes in tubular fluid is greatest in | back 37 the loop of Henle. |
front 38 Which of the following would pass from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule most easily? | back 38 Feedback: The smaller size of glucose allows it to pass from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule the easiest. |
front 39 Normally most filtered bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed in the | back 39 Feedback: The reabsorption of most bicarbonate ions occurs in the proximal tubule. |
front 40 The reabsorption of glucose and amino acids is mediated by | back 40 A)facilitated diffusionB)symtransportC)antiportD)Both A and B. |
front 41 What solutes contribute to the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid in the renal medulla? | back 41 )NaClB)ureaC)uric acidD)both A and B |
front 42 Which of the following is derived from amino acids and can be found in urine? | back 42 Feedback: Urea is a metabolic breakdown product of proteins and amino acids. |
front 43 The kidney secretes a hormone that triggers a cascade that regulates blood Na+ and blood pressure. It is called | back 43 Feedback: Renin is manufactured by the kidney's juxtaglomerular cells in response to reduced blood pressure. |
front 44 The kidney has a built-in system to maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate and compensate for moderate changes in systemic arterial pressure for a short period of time. What is the name of this system? | back 44 autoregulation |
front 45 Urine that is hypotonic to blood plasma are produced when | back 45 Feedback: Hypotonic urine occurs when blood electrolyte levels are low, blood volume is high, and levels of antidiuretic hormone are low. |
front 46 Angiotensinogen is produced by the | back 46 Feedback: Angiotensinogen is a plasma protein produced by the liver. |
front 47 Vasopressin (ADH) acts at the level of the basolateral membrane in the distal tubules and _____________. | back 47 collecting ducts |
front 48 How do diuretics affect the urine? | back 48 increase the urine flow |
front 49 How can you tell if your patient has diabetes insipidus? | back 49 A)very dilute urineB)extreme thirstC)decrease in ADHD)all the above |
front 50 The most common cause of glucose in the urine is untreated diabetes mellitus, in which the | back 50 Feedback: The most common cause of glucose in the urine is untreated diabetes mellitus, in which the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule is exceeded. |
front 51 If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then | back 51 more potassium is excreted in the urine. |
front 52 If a substance is readily filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted its renal clearance rate | back 52 Feedback: If a substance is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted its renal clearance rate equals the GFR. |
front 53 Renal threshold equals | back 53 Feedback: Renal threshold equals plasma concentration at which reabsorption mechanisms are saturated and the molecule appears in urine. |
front 54 If a substance has exceeded its transport maximum (Tmax) in the kidney tubules, it is likely that | back 54 Feedback: If a substance has exceeded its transport maximum (Tmax) in the kidney tubules, it is likely that the concentration of the substance in the blood would become unusually high. |
front 55 The reason insulin is used to determine glomerular filtration rate is because it is | back 55 Feedback: Inulin is filtered, but neither secreted nor reabsorbed. |
front 56 Which of the following is not a characteristic of substances that are used to measure plasma clearance? | back 56 Feedback: In plasma clearance, substances must not be metabolized by the kidneys. |
front 57 Which of the following may occur in patients with severe diabetes mellitus? | back 57 Tubular load for glucose may exceed tubular maximum for glucose. |
front 58 A bladder containing _____ml of urine could be close to bursting point in an average-sized human. | back 58 1000 |
front 59 What is the term for elimination of urine from the urinary bladder? | back 59 micturition |
front 60 What are some common constituents of kidney stones (renal calculi)? | back 60 Feedback: Kidney stones contain uric acid, calcium, and magnesium. |
front 61 Which of the following would increase the frequency of peristaltic contractions in the ureters? | back 61 Feedback: Parasympathetic stimulation causes increased peristalsis in the ureters. |
front 62 At about what volume of urine does the bladder create strong action potentials to be sent to the spinal cord and a sensation of discomfort? | back 62 500ml of urine |
front 63 Which of the following areas of the brain are involved with the voluntary initiation of micturition? | back 63 cerebrum |
front 64 Pyelonephritis relates to which of the following? | back 64 Feedback: Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the renal pelvis. |
front 65 Cystitis relates to which of the following? | back 65 Feedback: It is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. |