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A&P 1 (lecture) chapter 7

front 1 Name the 3 regions of the axial skeleton	back 1 skull vertebral column thoracic cage
front 2 what does the cranial bone consist of?	back 2 frontal bone, (2) parietal bone, occipital bone, (2) temporal bones, sphenoid bone and ethmoid bone
front 3 Describe the Frontal bone	back 3 anterior portion of the cranium most of anterior cranial fossa superior walls of orbits contains air-filled frontal sinus
front 4 Describe Parietal Bones and major associate sutures	back 4 superior and lateral aspect of cranial vault 4 sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones w/frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: Coronal suture- btw parietal bones and frontal bone sagittal suture- btw right and left parietal bones lambdoid suture- btw parietal bones and occipital bone squamous (squamosal) sutures- btw parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull

front 5 Describe Occipital bone	back 5 most of skull's posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa articulates w/1st vertebrae sites of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles
front 6 Temporal Bone	back 6 paired inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor 4 major regions- 1. squamous 2. tympanic 3. mastoid 4. petrous
front 7 Sphenoid Bone	back 7 complex, bat-shaped bone keystone bone- articulates w/all other cranial bones 3 pairs of processes- greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
front 8 Ethmoid Bone	back 8 deepest skull bone superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities contributes to medial wall or orbits (eyes)

front 9 Sutural Bones	back 9 thin irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures
front 10 What are the Facial Bones	back 10 mandible, (2- maxillae) maxillary bones, (2) Zygomatic bones, (2) nasal bones, (2) lacrimal bones, (2) palatine bones, vomer, and (2) inferior nasal conchae.
front 11 Mandible	back 11 lower jaw largest, strongest bone of the face temporomandibular joint; only freely movable joint in skull Articulated w/zygomatic bones
front 12 Zygomatic Bones	back 12 cheekbones inferolateral margins of orbits articulates w/lower part of the frontal and orbitals

front 13 Maxillary bones	back 13 medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton keystone bones articulate with all other facial bones except mandible
front 14 Nasal and Lacrimal Bones	back 14 nasal bnes- form bridge of nose Lacrimal bones In medical walls of orbits lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
front 15 Palatine and Vomer Bones	back 15 Palatine Bones posterior 1/3 of hard plate posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity small portion of the orbits Vomer plow shaped lower part of nasal septum
front 16 Inferior Nasal conchae	back 16 form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity

front 17 Orbits	back 17 eyes encase eyes and lacrimal glands sites of attached for eye muscles formed by part of 7 bones
front 18 Paranasal sinuses	back 18 mucosa-lines, air filled spaces lighten the skill enhance resonance of voice
front 19 Hyoid Bone	back 19 not a bone of the skull does not articulate directly with another bone site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
front 20 Vertebral Column	back 20 transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs surrounds and protects spinal cord flexible curved structure containing 26 irregular bones Cervical vertebrae (7)- neck Thoracic (12) thoracic cage Lumbar (5)- lower back Sacrum- bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae Coccyx- terminus of vertebrae column (4 or 5)

front 21 Scoliosis	back 21 abnormal lateral curve
front 22 Kyphosis	back 22 hunchback
front 23 Lordosis	back 23 swayback
front 24 Intervertebral discs are composed of 2 cushionlike pads.	back 24 Nucleus pulposus- inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility Anulus fibrous- outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

front 25 General structure of the 7 processes per vertebrae	back 25 Spinal process- projects posteriorly Transverse processes (2)- project laterally Superior articular processes (2)- protrude superiorly inferiorly Inferior articular processes (2)- protrude inferiorly
front 26 Describe Atlas (C₁)	back 26 no body or spinous process consists of anterior and posterior arches, and 2 lateral masses superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate w/the occipital condyles
front 27 Describe Axis (C₂)	back 27 Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas Dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas
front 28 Thoracic vertebrae	back 28 T₁to T₁₂ _{all articulate w/ribs at facets and demifacets} _{long spinous process} location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine

front 29 Lumbar Vertebrae	back 29 L₁ to L₅ short, thick pedicles and laminae flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together so as to prevent rotation
front 30 Sacrum	back 30 5 fused vertebrae (S₁ to S₅) forms posterior walls of pelvis Articulates with L₅ superiorly, and with auricular surfaces
front 31 Coccyx	back 31 tailbone 3-5 fused vertebrae Articulates superiorly with sacrum
front 32 Thoracic Cage	back 32 composed of thoracic vertebrae (posteriorlly) sternum (anteriorlly) ribs and their costal cartilages (laterally)

front 33 What are the functions of the thoracic cage?	back 33 protects vital organs of thoracic cavity supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs provides attachment sites for many muscles, including intercostal muscles used during breathing
front 34 Sternum	back 34 aka breastbone articulates with costal cartilages
front 35 Name the 3 fused bones and their articulations	back 35 Manubrium- articulates w/clavicle and ribs 1 & 2 Body- articulates w/costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 Xiphoid process- site of muscle attachment. Not ossified until ~age 40
front 36 Ribs and their attachments	back 36 12 pairs all attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae pairs 1-7- true (vertebrosternal) ribs 1-7 attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages pairs 8-10 also called vertebrochondral ribs. attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above Pairs 11-12 are also called vertebral (floating) ribs no attachment to sternum

front 37 Appendicular skeleton	back 37 bones of the limbs and their girdles pectoral girdle attaches the upper limb to the body trunk pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
front 38 Pectoral girdle	back 38 aka shoulder girdle inferior to clavicle and posterior to scapulae attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs
front 39 Clavicle	back 39 aka collarbone flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates w/scapula cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates w/sternum acts as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
front 40 Scapula (shoulder blades)	back 40 situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage, btw 2 and 7 flat and triangular, with 3 borders and 3 angles 7 large fossae posteriorly it is not articulated w/the rib cage but with muscle (this allows the arm to move up and down)

front 41 Arm	back 41 aka Humerus longest bond of upper limb articulates superiorly w/glenoid cavity of scapula articulates inferiorly w/radius and ulna
front 42 Ulna	back 42 medial bone in forearm. forms the major portion o the elbow with the humerus proximally articulates w/humerus, distally w/carpal
front 43 Radius	back 43 lateral bone in forearm head articulates w/capitulum of humerus and w/radial notch of ulna interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length
front 44 Pelvic (Hip) girdle	back 44 2 hip bones (each called coxal bone or os coxae) attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton w/stronger ligaments transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs support pelvic organs

front 45 Each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones	back 45 ilium (superior) ischium (posteroinferior) pubis (anterior, form pubic symphysis) together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis
front 46 Female pelvis	back 46 adapted to childbearing (fibrocartilage) true pelvis (inferior to pelvi brim) defines birth canal cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow and has greater capacity (wider)
front 47 Male pelvis	back 47 tilted less forward adapted for support for heavier build and stronger muscles cavity of true pelvis (narrow but deep)
front 48 What are the 3 segments of the lower limb?	back 48 Thigh: femur Leg- tibia and fibula Foot- 2 tarsals in the ankle, 5 metatarsals an 14 phalanges

front 49 Femur	back 49 largest and strongest bone in the body articulates proximally with the acetabulum of hip and distally with the tibia and patella
front 50 Tibia	back 50 medial leg bone receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
front 51 Fibula	back 51 not weight bearing; no articulation with femur site of muscle attachment connected to tibia by interosseous membrane articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
front 52 Calcaneous	back 52 heal of the foot bone

front 53 3 arches of the foot	back 53 lateral longitudinal medial longitudinal transverse
front 54 Fontanelles	back 54 at birth, skull bones are connected to this. unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones anterior, posterior, mastoid and sphenoid